Pernell v. People

• Decision Date: 20 February 2018
• Docket Number: Supreme Court Case No. 15SC3
• Citation: 411 P.3d 669
• Parties: Christopher Alexander PERNELL, Petitioner, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent.
• Court: Colorado Supreme Court

411 P.3d 669

Christopher Alexander PERNELL, Petitioner,

v.The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Respondent.

Supreme Court Case No. 15SC3

Supreme Court of Colorado.

February 20, 2018

Attorneys for Petitioner: Berg Hill Greenleaf & Ruscitti, LLP, Sean James Lacefield, Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent: Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Melissa D. Allen, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado

En Banc

JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 A jury convicted Defendant Christopher Pernell of several charges, including burglary, kidnapping, and sexual assault. The prosecution alleged that Pernell showed up at his ex-wife's house uninvited; forced his way into her home; threatened her and her boyfriend at gunpoint; forced her to have sexual intercourse; and prevented her from fleeing. At trial, the prosecution presented multiple witnesses, including the ex-wife, the boyfriend, and a police officer who investigated the incident, as well as corroborating physical evidence. Pernell did not testify or present evidence at trial. His theory of defense was that the ex-wife and the boyfriend fabricated the story of the incident. Consistent with this theory, defense counsel told the jury during opening statements that the incident, as described by the ex-wife and the boyfriend, "didn't happen" and that the ex-wife and the boyfriend "concoct[ed] their story to get [Pernell] out of their lives."

¶2 An officer who testified at trial recounted the ex-wife's description of the incident to him. Pernell objected to this testimony, arguing that the ex-wife's out-of-court statements to the officer constituted inadmissible hearsay. The trial court admitted these statements as excited utterances under CRE 803(2). On appeal, Pernell argued, among other things, that the trial court had reversibly erred in admitting the ex-wife's statements.

¶3 The court of appeals affirmed the judgment of conviction. People v. Pernell, 2014 COA 157, 414 P.3d 1. As relevant here, the court agreed with Pernell that the trial court erred in admitting the ex-wife's out-of-court statements as exited utterances under CRE 803(2), but concluded that the error did not require reversal because the statements were nonetheless admissible as prior consistent statements to rehabilitate the ex-wife's credibility after Pernell had attacked it. Id. at ¶ 37. In so ruling, the court of appeals reasoned that defense counsel's opening statement that the ex-wife fabricated her story opened the door for the admission of her out-of-court statements. Id. at ¶ 40. We granted Pernell's petition for a writ of certiorari to review whether a defendant's opening statement can open the door to admit otherwise inadmissible evidence.¹

¶4 However, upon review of the trial record, we conclude that any error in the admission of the ex-wife's out-of-court statements was harmless because there is no reasonable possibility that the admission of these statements contributed to Pernell's conviction. Accordingly, we decline to address whether defense counsel's opening statement opened the door to the admission of the ex-wife's out-of-court statements and express no opinion on this issue. We therefore affirm the judgment of the court of appeals, albeit on different grounds.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶5 The People charged Defendant Christopher Pernell with two counts of second degree kidnapping, one count of sexual assault, one count of first degree burglary, two counts of menacing, one count of violation of a protection order, and three crime-of-violence sentence enhancers. The charges stemmed from an incident on the night of August 1, 2010, involving Pernell, his ex-wife, and the ex-wife's boyfriend. At the time of the incident, Pernell and the ex-wife had divorced, and Pernell was subject to a court-issued protection order prohibiting him from harassing, intimidating, threatening, or molesting the ex-wife, and requiring him to stay at least 100 yards away from her at all times.

¶6 According to the prosecution, Pernell showed up at his ex-wife's house uninvited at night. He forced his way into her home, threatened her and her boyfriend at gunpoint, forced her to have sexual intercourse after allowing the boyfriend to leave, and prevented her from fleeing. At trial, the prosecution presented several witnesses, including the ex-wife, the boyfriend, and a police officer who investigated the incident. The prosecution also introduced corroborating physical evidence.

¶7 Pernell did not testify or present any evidence at trial. Instead, his counsel argued that although Pernell went to his ex-wife's home, he did not bring a gun; that Pernell had consensual sex with his ex-wife; and that the ex-wife and the boyfriend fabricated the story of the incident. During opening statements, defense counsel stated that the incident, as described by the ex-wife and the boyfriend, "didn't happen" and that the ex-wife and the boyfriend "concoct[ed] their story to get [Pernell] out of their lives."

¶8 The prosecution's first trial witness was Officer Todd Gentry, a police officer who spoke with the ex-wife the morning after the incident and who investigated her complaint against Pernell. Officer Gentry testified that when he spoke with the ex-wife, she was "visibly distraught" and "traumatized from the event that had happened 12 hours prior." When asked to explain what he meant by "distraught," Officer Gentry responded, "she was afraid, really to the point of probably being terrified. Her head was down. Her eyes were down." Officer Gentry testified that the ex-wife told him that Pernell came into her home with a gun; threatened her and the boyfriend at gunpoint; ordered her into the bedroom after allowing the boyfriend to leave; forced her to have sexual intercourse with him; and stopped her from escaping.

¶9 Pernell objected to Officer Gentry's testimony regarding the ex-wife's account of the incident, arguing that her statements to the officer were inadmissible hearsay. The trial court overruled the objection, concluding that the ex-wife's statements to Officer Gentry "just barely" qualified as excited utterances admissible pursuant to CRE 803(2) (ostensibly because the officer testified that the ex-wife appeared to be still under the stress of the incident when she made the statements twelve hours later). Defense counsel later moved for a mistrial on the ground that the ex-wife's statements to Officer Gentry were improperly admitted; the court denied this motion.

¶10 Both the ex-wife and her boyfriend testified at trial. According to their testimony, they were together inside the ex-wife's house when they heard knocking on the front door. After the ex-wife opened the front door slightly, Pernell forcefully pushed the door open, causing the ex-wife to fall backward and scream. Pernell pulled out a gun and entered the home. Once inside the home, Pernell held the gun to the boyfriend's head and said, "Bang" or "Bam." Pernell then moved the gun away from the boyfriend's head, ordered the couple to sit at a table, and began questioning the boyfriend about his relationship with the ex-wife. Eventually, Pernell permitted the boyfriend to leave the house but told him not to call the police.

¶11 The ex-wife further testified that after the boyfriend left, Pernell ordered her into the bedroom at gunpoint and told her to take off her clothes. Pernell then forced her to have sexual intercourse with him, over her continued objection. When Pernell stopped, the ex-wife grabbed his gun and attempted to escape the house through the front door, but Pernell stopped her and took back the gun. Pernell ordered her back to the bedroom, forced her onto the bed, and held the gun to her head. He left only after she promised that she would not call the police. After Pernell left her house, the ex-wife went to the boyfriend's house, where she spent the night. The following morning, she reported the incident to the police and spoke with Officer Gentry, among others.

¶12 Other witness testimony supported the ex-wife and the boyfriend's account of the incident. One of the ex-wife's neighbors testified that on the night of the incident, she saw a man knock on the ex-wife's door and enter the home. Another witness testified that as she was standing at a bus stop, she observed a man carrying a bag under his arm walk up to the ex-wife's house and knock hard on the door several times. When she saw the door swing open, she saw the man "dart[ ] ... in[to] the house" and heard a woman scream.

¶13 The prosecution also introduced photographs—collected by a sexual assault nurse examiner who examined the ex-wife the day after the incident—that showed bruising on the ex-wife's buttocks and other parts of her lower body. Forensic evidence indicated that Pernell's DNA was present in the ex-wife's vaginal swab.

¶14 Additionally, the prosecution introduced a police recording and transcript of a pretext call between Pernell and the ex-wife the day after the incident. During this phone conversation, the ex-wife told Pernell, "[Y]ou pointed a gun at me, threatened to kill me ... [y]ou made me have sex with you. I'm, I'm afraid." Pernell stated, "I know, I know. That's the reason I got rid of [the gun] and I, I promise you that my word that that is done." Later in the conversation, the ex-wife stated, "You raped me.... You forced me to have sex. You forced me to have sex with you. And I told you I didn't want to do it. I begged you not to do it." Pernell responded, "Um, I, I'm sorry. I wasn't in my right frame of mind."

¶15 As noted above, Pernell did not testify or present any evidence at trial. His counsel argued that he had consensual intercourse with the ex-wife on the night in question and that the ex-wife and the boyfriend fabricated the story of the incident. After presenting this theory in his opening statement, defense counsel vigorously cross-examined both the ex-wife and the boyfriend. Counsel asked the ex-wife whether she "came up...