Petley v. United States

• Decision Date: 05 June 1970
• Docket Number: No. 23879.,23879.
• Parties: Herbert Charles PETLEY, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

427 F.2d 1101 (1970)

Herbert Charles PETLEY, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 23879.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

June 5, 1970.

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Hugh R. Manes (argued), of Stewart, Finkel & Manes, Los Angeles, Cal., for appellant.

Henry J. Novak, Jr. (argued), Asst. U. S. Atty., Wm. Matthew Byrne, Jr., U. S. Atty., Robert L. Brosio, Chief, Criminal Division, Asst. U. S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for appellee.

Before HAMLEY and CARTER, Circuit Judge, and CROCKER,^* District Judge.

JAMES M. CARTER, Circuit Judge:

Appellant was charged with knowingly receiving, concealing and facilitating the transportation and concealment of hashish (refined marihuana) which he knew had been imported into the United States contrary to law. 21 U.S.C. § 176a. He was found guilty and sentenced to five years and six months in prison. On appeal he raises the following contentions:

(1) That it was error to instruct the jury under the provisions of 21 U.S.C. § 176a;

(2) That he was convicted of a charge neither made nor proved against him, namely importation of marihuana, and that the court's instructions based on the statute were confusing, ambiguous and misleading;

(3) That there was insufficient evidence as to knowing possession of the contraband;

(4) That a briar pipe containing marihuana residue was improperly received into evidence; and

(5) That he was denied a fair trial as a result of improper cross examination.

In May 1968, appellant and his wife departed on a trip which took them to India, Japan and Hawaii before returning to Los Angeles. On or about June 25, 1968, they left Tokyo for Hawaii. Upon arrival in Honolulu the following morning they discovered that some of their baggage had not arrived. They filed a missing baggage report with the airline and then registered at the International Inn. Mrs. Petley made several calls to the airline that afternoon inquiring about the baggage. She was told that it would be coming in on a flight that evening. In a final call, Mrs. Petley requested that the baggage be forwarded on to Los Angeles. She and appellant then left Honolulu for Los Angeles on a midnight flight. When the baggage arrived in Honolulu it was bonded and sent to Los Angeles.

On June 27, 1968, appellant arrived at the Los Angeles International Airport to claim the baggage. When a customs inspector began going through the bags appellant asked why they were being inspected. The inspector told him that since the bags had been shipped in bond from Honolulu they had not gone through customs; therefore the baggage had to be inspected in Los Angeles prior to being released. One of the bags inspected was a large Navy-type duffle bag. It was about three feet tall and was neatly packed. The inspector had unpacked approximately two-thirds of the bag's contents when he found a plastic bag containing what turned out to be hashish. The plastic bag was wrapped in a white brocaded cloth, and when it was removed appellant spontaneously remarked that he had never seen it before and asked what it was. At the bottom of the duffle bag was a lady's housecoat. The housecoat was wrapped around a burlap sack in which was located another plastic bag containing hashish. After being advised of his rights, appellant conceded that the brocaded cloth was owned by him and his wife. Also, when shown a briar pipe which had been removed from the duffle bag, and asked what he smoked in it, appellant replied "Tobacco." The pipe contained a heavy residue of marihuana resin.

At the trial appellant was the only witness in his behalf. He testified, inter alia, that the pipe had been given to him by an American he met in Bombay, and he denied ever smoking it. He also denied any knowledge that the hashish was in the duffle bag. At the close of the trial the court instructed the jury and included in its instructions the presumption contained in § 176a.

I THE INSTRUCTION UNDER § 176a WAS HARMLESS ERROR

Appellant contends that he was denied due process, in violation of the Fifth Amendment, as a result of the court's instruction under § 176a. The court instructed the jury that illegal importation, and appellant's knowledge thereof, could be inferred from appellant's "knowing possession of the hashish."

The precise instruction was,

"In order to find the defendant guilty in this case you must find that he had knowing possession of the hashish in question. Possession means the exercise of dominion and control."

The inference of knowledge of illegal importation under 21 U.S.C. § 176a was of course, held unconstitutional in Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969). However, an instruction containing such an inference does not necessitate a reversal in every case. As this court pointed out in United States v. Scott (9 Cir. 3/6/70) 425 F.2d 55, reversal is not necessary if the "instruction under the circumstances * * * was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 23 L.Ed.2d 284 (1969); Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967).

In the instant case a finding by the jury that appellant knowingly possessed the hashish would, ipso facto, establish appellant's knowledge of the illegal importation since it was appellant himself who was attempting to bring the hashish into the United States. Therefore, the instruction as to the inference is obviously innocuous. As we stated in United States v. Simon, 424 F.2d 1049 (9 Cir. 3/30/70) "Proof of knowing possession, * * * establish the elements of the offense without reference to the inference. The instruction was therefore functionless, and `harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.'" See also Plascencia-Plascencia v. United States, 423 F.2d 803 (9 Cir. 3/25/70); United States v. Pyle, 424 F.2d 1013 (9 Cir. 4/3/70); United States v. Mahoney and Garcia, 427 F.2d 658 (9 Cir. 5/12/70).

II APPELLANT WAS TRIED ON THE CHARGE CONTAINED IN THE INDICTMENT AND THE COURT'S INSTRUCTIONS WERE PROPER

Appellant also alleges a denial of due process in that he was convicted of a charge neither made nor proved. He contends that, while he was charged with receiving, concealing and facilitating the transportation and concealment of marihuana after importation, he was actually tried and convicted on the theory of smuggling. This contention is based on appellant's argument that he engaged in no conduct after importation which could be construed as receiving, concealing or facilitating. We disagree. The marihuana was illegally imported when it arrived at Honolulu International Airport, and appellant facilitated its transportation when he claimed his baggage at the Los Angeles International Airport. Pon Wing Quong v. United States, 111 F.2d 751 (9 Cir. 1940). Such facilitation, following the illegal importation, was sufficient to convict appellant on the charge for which he was indicted.

We next consider the proof on the allegation that the importation was contrary to law. 18 U.S.C. § 545, the section on which 176a is based, also prohibits smuggling and importation contrary to law. This court has previously considered cases concerning importations "contrary to law" from contiguous foreign countries, under both 18 U.S.C. § 545 and 21 U.S.C. § 176a. Generally reliance has been placed on Title 19, §§ 1461, 1484, 1485 and 1459 to show the importation was "contrary to law." In Current v. United States (9 Cir. 1961) 287 F.2d 268, reliance was placed on 19 U.S.C. § 1461 requiring all baggage to be unladen in the presence of a customs officer and be inspected by a customs officer.

However, 19 U.S.C. § 1459 and § 1461, by their express terms are confined to merchandise imported from any "contiguous country." In our case we have an importation from Japan, so that the sections above do not pertain.

There are various sections however, which do apply to importations from foreign countries that are not contiguous. 19 U.S.C. § 1498 authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe rules and regulations for the declaration and entry of "6. Articles carried on the person or contained in the baggage of a person arriving in the United States * * *". Likewise, 19 U.S.C. § 1624 provides for rules and regulations pursuant to the authority contained in the above sections. The Secretary prescribed, by regulations set forth in 19 CFR § 10.19 the following: "Declaration and entry — (a) Declaration required. All articles brought into the United States by any individual shall be declared to a customs officer." 19 U.S. C. § 1496 provides for the examination of baggage to ascertain whether articles are subject to duty, duty free or prohibited, notwithstanding the fact that a declaration and entry therefor have been made. 19 U.S.C. § 1497 provides: "Any article not included in the declaration and entry as made, and, before...