Petterson v. Concrete Const., Inc., of Lake Worth

• Decision Date: 29 August 1967
• Docket Number: No. 581,581
• Citation: 202 So.2d 191
• Parties: Bruce N. PETTERSON, a minor, by and through his next friend, natural guardian and father, Birger Petterson, and Birger Petterson, Individually, Appellants, v. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, INC., OF LAKE WORTH, a Florida corporation, Nathan Adler and Louis Zehnle, individually, and doing business as Brazillia Apartments, Appellees.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 191

202 So.2d 191

Bruce N. PETTERSON, a minor, by and through his next friend, natural guardian and father, Birger Petterson, and Birger Petterson, Individually, Appellants, v. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, INC., OF LAKE WORTH, a Florida corporation, Nathan Adler and Louis Zehnle, individually, and doing business as Brazillia Apartments, Appellees.

No. 581.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.

Aug. 29, 1967.

Rehearings Denied Sept. 28, 1967.

Al J. Cone and Larry Klein, of Miller, Cone, Owen, Wagner & Nugent, West Palm Beach, for appellants.

Donald J. Lunny, of Sutton, James Bielejeski & Lunny, and Pomeroy, Blanton, McVeigh & Pomeroy, Fort Lauderdale, for appellee-Concrete Construction, Inc. of Lake Worth.

John Beranek and Charles H. Damsel, Jr., of Jones, Adams, Paine & Foster, West Palm Beach, for appellees-Nathan Adler and Louis Zehnle.

CROSS, Judge.

The appellants (plaintiffs), Bruce N. Petterson, a minor, by and through his next friend, Birger Petterson, and Birger Petterson, individually, appeal from a final order dismissing with prejudice their amended complaint against the appellees (defendants), Nathan Adler and Louis Zehnle, and Concrete Construction, Inc. of Lake Worth.

The sole question for our determination is whether or not the amended complaint stated a cause of action in what is known as the attractive nuisance doctrine or could be further amended to do so without a complete departure from the facts already alleged.

Plaintiff, Bruce Petterson, eleven years old, and a friend entered onto property which was owned by defendants and on which a building was under construction. The plaintiff found some .22 caliber cartridges that were used in a ram-jet instrument designed to drive screws into concrete walls. Plaintiff took some of the cartridges home with him, and he was injured the following day when one of the cartridges exploded. The suit is against the landowners and the contractor.

The elements essential to state a cause of action in Florida under what has been named the doctrine of attractive nuisance are now delineated by the Restatement of Torts, § 339, and are cited with approval in Ridgewood Groves, Inc. v. Dowell, Fla.App.1966, 189 So.2d 188; Banks v. Mason, Fla.App.1961, 132 So.2d 219; Cockerham v. R. E. Vaughan, Inc., Fla.1955, 82 So.2d 890. Section (e) was added in 2 Restatement of Torts 2d. It was not considered in the above cases. 2 Restatement of Torts 2d, § 339, reads as follows:

'A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to children trespassing thereon caused by an artificial condition upon the land if

'(a) the place where the condition exists is one upon which the possessor knows or has reason to know that children are likely to trespass, and

'(b) the condition is one of which the possessor knows or has reason to know and which he realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children, and

'(c) the children because of their youth do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming within the area made dangerous by it, and

'(d) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition and the burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the risk to children involved, and

'(e) the possessor fails to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger or otherwise to protect the children.'

(Clause (e) which was unaccountably omitted in the first Restatement is included to make it clear that this is only negligence liability and that the defendant is not liable if he has used all reasonable care under the circumstances.) Reporter's notes 2 Restatement of Torts, 2d, § 339.

This rule as stated is now accepted by the great majority of American courts. The rule originated in 1873 in Sioux City & Pacific R. Co. v. Stout, 1873, 84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 657, 21 L.Ed. 745, where a child was injured while playing with a railroad turntable. From that case and others like it the rule acquired the name of the 'turntable doctrine'. An early Minnesota decision, Keffe v. Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co., 1875, 21 Minn. 207, 18 Am.Rep. 393, supplied the theory that the child had been allured or enticed onto the premises by the condition created by the defendant, so that the defendant was himself responsible for the trespass and could not set it up against the child. From this theory the rule acquired the name of 'Attractive Nuisance' by which it is still known in many courts.

Applying this theory, the United States Supreme Court held, in United Zinc & Chemical Co. v. Britt, 1922, 258 U.S. 268, 42 S.Ct. 299, 66 L.Ed. 615, 36 A.L.R. 28, that there was no liability to the child where he had not been attracted onto the premises by the particular condition which injured him. At one time this position had considerable acceptance, but it is now generally rejected. It is now recognized by most of the courts that the basis of the rule is merely the ordinary negligence basis of a duty of reasonable care not to inflict foreseeable harm on another, and that the fact that the child is a trespasser is merely one of the facts to be taken into consideration. The label attractive nuisance has now become a misnomer. The result is a limited obligation to the child, falling short of a duty to prevent all foreseeable harm to him, but requiring reasonable care as to those conditions against which he may be expected to be unable to protect himself. 2 Restatement of Torts, 2d § 339, page 198.

In the case sub judice the trial court in its order stated '(t)he Court is of the opinion that the complaint fails to state a cause of action in several respects. (1) Its allegations are not sufficient to show that the structure constituted an attractive nuisance in itself. (2) The cartridges were not what attracted Plaintiff to the premises. (3) Cartridges are not classified as explosives under the laws of Florida, and (4) in any event, even if Defendant maintained an attractive nuisance, this was not the proximate cause of Plaintiff's injury when Plaintiff wrongfully took the cartridges from the premises to his own home and the next day was there injured as a result of his own act.'

An examination of the points delineated by the trial judge illustrates vividly the error in the reasons stated for granting defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint.

As to Point (1): It is evident from reading Section 339 of the Restatement that the plaintiffs' allegations do not have to show that the structure constituted an attractive nuisance in itself. As long as plaintiffs' allegations fit within the elements delineated by the Restatement of Torts, § 339, he has stated a cause of action.

As to Point (2): The condition which caused the child's injury does not have to be that which attracted the child to the premises. In comment on Clause (a) in the Restatement the author specifically mentions '(t)herefore the possessor is subject to liability to children who after entering the land are attracted into dangerous intermeddling by such a condition, although they were ignorant of its existence until after they had entered the land. * * *' Before Florida adopted Restatement, § 339, Cockerham v. R. E. Vaughan, supra, a requirement of the doctrine of 'attractive nuisance' was premised upon an allurement or attraction to the child to the land. This factor is now eliminated from the Restatement of Torts.

As to Point (3): The trial judge is looking at the sufficiency of the evidence. The fact that cartridges are not classified as explosives would not preclude recovery under Section (b). The Supreme Court in Carter v. Livesay Window Co., Fla.1954, 73 So.2d 411, refers to the 'condition' as being what a jury could find as inherently dangerous * * * like unto an explosive Substance. In Fouraker v. Mullis, Fla.App.1960, 120 So.2d 808, it is stated, at page 810:

'* * * It seems equally clear that Construction materials, tools, or anything else which is necessary to the actual construction and which could be considered inherently dangerous to children could be a part of the attractive nuisance. Carter v. Livesay Window Co., Fla.1954, 73 So.2d 411. In most cases, as here, these are questions of fact to be resolved by the jury under proper instructions from the trial court.' (Emphasis added.)

As to Point (4): Proximate cause is in the overwhelming amount of times a question for the jury and so is an intervening cause a question of fact for a jury to decide on the evidence presented to it. Cases on these points are legion both in Florida and other jurisdictions. The question of proximate cause is a question of proof and should not have been considered by the trial judge in reviewing defendants' motion to dismiss.

We turn now to consider the amended complaint to determine if it contains the essential allegations to establish a cause of action under the Restatement of Torts, 2d, § 339.

It is most important to keep in mind that we must confine ourselves to consider strictly the allegations within the four corners of the complaint. This court must accept as true the allegations of fact contained in the complaint. Thompson v. Safeco Insurance Company of America, Fla.App.1967, 199 So.2d 113; Ocala Loan Company v. Smith, Fla.App.1963, 155 So.2d 711. And this court is without authority to speculate as to what the true fact may be or what facts will be ultimately proved in the trial of the cause. The question of the sufficiency of the evidence which the plaintiff will likely be able to produce in a hearing on the merits is wholly irrelevant and immaterial in reaching such a determination. In our judicial system no privilege is more valuable than the opportunity accorded a plaintiff, who has sufficiently alleged in his complaint a cognizable cause of action, to present his evidence in support of those allegations before the appropriate trier of the facts.

Applying the aforementioned rules as delineated...