Pettit v. State

• Decision Date: 21 September 1982
• Docket Number: No. 1-1281A365,1-1281A365
• Citation: 439 N.E.2d 1175
• Parties: Ronald PETTIT, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 1175

439 N.E.2d 1175

Ronald PETTIT, Defendant-Appellant, v. STATE of Indiana, Plaintiff-Appellee.

No. 1-1281A365.

Court of Appeals of Indiana First District.

Sept. 21, 1982.

Susan K. Carpenter, Public Defender, M. E. Tuke, Deputy Public Defender, Indianapolis, for defendant-appellant.

Linley E. Pearson, Atty. Gen., Jack T. Kolze, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for plaintiff-appellee.

NEAL, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Defendant-appellant Ronald Pettit (Pettit) was convicted by a jury in the Dearborn Circuit Court of three of seven charges, namely: Count II resisting law enforcement with a deadly weapon under Ind.Code 35-44-3-3 (Supp.1981), Count III criminal recklessness with a deadly weapon under Ind.Code 35-42-2-2 (Supp.1981), and Count V resisting law enforcement by fleeing under Ind.Code 35-44-3-3(a)(3). From a sentence of imprisonment he appeals.

We affirm.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

At approximately 9:30 to 9:45 p.m. on December 26, 1980, police officers of Dearborn County and Lawrenceburg surrounded Pettit's van. The van was parked in a parking lot across the street, 65 to 85 feet from the door of the Red Feather Bar and Lounge. Pettit was seen by Deputy Sheriff Heffelmire sitting in the rear of the van with a rifle. The rifle, equipped with a telescopic lens, was resting on a table and pointed in the general direction of the door of the Red Feather. The police had been alerted by a call from Pettit's wife stating that Pettit was on his way to the Red Feather to shoot one Art Eglain, who was believed to be inside. The motive appeared to be that Eglain had beaten and robbed Pettit earlier in the evening.

Deputy Heffelmire attempted to talk Pettit into surrendering, but Pettit pointed the rifle at him and stated that he did not want to kill Heffelmire, but if necessary he would not hesitate to do so. Thereafter, eluding the police attempt to box him in, Pettit fled the parking lot in the van, and a chase ensued with six or seven police cars participating, their lights flashing and sirens wailing. Moments later the officers were successful in blocking a street and bringing Pettit to a halt. After rescuing a woman and a child who were also caught in the barricade, Officer Heffelmire again tried to persuade Pettit to surrender, and again Pettit menaced him with the rifle. Ultimately he laid the rifle down, and was promptly subdued. No shots were fired throughout the incident. The rifle was retrieved. It was a .22 caliber bolt action, clip fed Remington. No shell was found in the chamber, nor was there a clip in the rifle, but a clip with four shells in it and a box of shells, all long rifle and high velocity which fit the rifle, were found on Pettit's person. Subsequent tests proved that the rifle was operational and could be fired either by being hand fed or by the clip. The clip was Pettit's convictions in Count II and Count III rested upon Pettit's actions of threatening Deputy Heffelmire in the parking lot with the rifle, and Count V rested upon his fleeing the parking lot.

damaged but would work with difficulty if one was familiar with it.

ISSUES

The specific issues preserved for review by this court are:

I. Whether the verdicts of the jury and judgment of the court were not sustained by sufficient evidence and were contrary to law;

II. Whether the court erred in limiting defense counsel's cross examination by curtailing inquiry into the reputation of Art Eglain;

III. Whether by allowing State's witness Heffelmire to offer a lay opinion as to Pettit's state of mind, the court allowed the State to invade the province of the jury and thereby prejudice Pettit;

IV. Whether the court erred in permitting the State to ask Pettit's opinion as to whether Pettit believed that law enforcement officers could shoot him under the particular circumstances of the incident;

V. Whether the court erred in denying Pettit's Motion for Mistrial; and

VI. Whether the court erred by denying to Pettit the right to effective assistance of counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

Issue I. Sufficiency of the evidence

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view it in the light most favorable to the state. We neither weigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses. We will affirm the conviction if there is substantial evidence of probative value from which the trier of facts could reasonably infer guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Spears v. State, (1980) Ind.App., 412 N.E.2d 81; Trader v. State, (1975) 165 Ind.App. 174, 331 N.E.2d 469.

Resisting Law Enforcement

The statute creating this offense is Ind.Code 35-44-3-3, as follows:

"Sec. 3. (a) A person who knowingly or intentionally:

(1) forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with a law enforcement officer or a person assisting the officer while the officer is lawfully engaged in the execution of his duties as an officer;

(2) forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with the authorized service or execution of a civil or criminal process or order of a court; or

(3) flees from a law enforcement officer after the officer has, by visible or audible means, identified himself and ordered the person to stop;

commits resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor. However, the offense is a Class D felony if, while committing it, the person draws or uses a deadly weapon or inflicts bodily injury on another person."

Pettit argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove the elements of intent, and whether a deadly weapon was used or drawn. He claims that the rifle was not loaded, thus negating those elements.

Ind.Code 35-41-1-2, the definitional section of the Criminal Code, includes in the definition of "deadly weapon" an unloaded firearm. Thus even if the rifle were unloaded it would still be a deadly weapon. The same section defines "forcible felony" to include the threat of force against a human being. Knowledge and intent may be inferred from the facts and circumstances of each case. Capps v. State, (1972) 258 Ind. 565, 282 N.E.2d 833; Trader, supra. Clearly, therefore, the acts of Pettit in holding a policeman at bay with a rifle, which he represented by word and act to be loaded, while the policeman was attempting to persuade him to surrender can be characterized as resisting law enforcement by drawing or using a deadly weapon. Criminal Recklessness

This offense is defined in Ind.Code 35-42-2-2 as follows:

"Sec. 2. (a) A person who recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally performs an act that creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person commits criminal recklessness, a Class B misdemeanor. However, the offense is a:

(1) ...

(2) Class D felony if it is committed while armed with a deadly weapon."

Pettit was convicted under this subsection of a Class A misdemeanor. He contends that there was no evidence of any act that created a substantial risk of bodily injury because there was no ammunition in the rifle, no shots were fired, and the rifle would be difficult to load because the clip was broken. As stated above, even an unloaded gun is considered a deadly weapon. Contrary to Pettit's contention the record does not disclose uncontroverted evidence that the rifle was not loaded. Where different conclusions can be drawn, a question of fact for the jury exists. McFarland v. State, (1979) Ind.App., 384 N.E.2d 1104. For evidence that the rifle was not loaded, Pettit relies upon his testimony to that effect and other testimony of the rifle's condition when the officers took it from him. However, when he surrendered, Pettit had a loaded clip and a box of ammunition on his person. The evidence revealed that in the parking lot he stated that he had come to take care of Art Eglain and had a rifle with a scope pointed toward the door of the Red Feather. Pettit had ammunition and a clip that would work, though not well, and he threatened to shoot Heffelmire if necessary. The mere fact that the rifle was not loaded at the end of the chase is not conclusive proof that it was not loaded in the parking lot. Persons knowlegeable of weapons realize that a bolt action rifle can be unloaded in an instant by working the bolt with the flick of the wrist. From all of the circumstances and Pettit's overt representations, the jury could legitimately infer that the rifle was loaded in the parking lot. We hold that the above evidence that Pettit menaced the officers with a loaded rifle was sufficient to support the criminal recklessness conviction.

Fleeing a police officer

Here Pettit argues that Heffelmire did not order him to stop and therefore his leaving the parking lot was not fleeing. The case of Spears, supra, held that under Ind.Code 35-44-3-3(a)(3) the evidence need not show the defendant was ordered orally to stop, as the order could be visual. In Spears the officer merely approached within three feet, and the court held that the evidence supported the conclusion that when the defendant sped away, he knew he had been commanded to stop. Here the officers tried to talk Pettit into surrendering, tried to box him in, and pursued him with lights and sirens on. Such evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.

Issue II. Reputation of victim

During cross examination of Deputy Heffelmire by Pettit, testimony was elicited concerning the unsavory character of Art Eglain. The court then sustained the State's objection to a question of whether the officers had stated in jest that if Pettit had shot Eglain he would have deserved a medal. Pettit assigns that ruling as error, claiming that since Eglain was a potential victim, his reputation for violence was material, citing Bowlus v. State, (1891) 130 Ind. 227, 28 N.E. 1115. That case and others more recent hold that in a prosecution for assault and battery previous threats made by the prosecuting witness and communicated to the accused prior to the commission of the offense are competent evidence...