Peymann v. Perini Corp.

• Decision Date: 14 April 1975
• Docket Number: No. 74-1143,74-1143
• Citation: 507 F.2d 1318
• Parties: Hans PEYMANN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PERINI CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 1318

507 F.2d 1318

Hans PEYMANN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PERINI CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 74-1143.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Argued Oct. 8, 1974.

Decided Nov. 22, 1974, Rehearing Denied Dec. 24, 1974,

Certiorari Denied April14, 1975, See 95 S.Ct. 1572.

David B. Kaplan, Boston, Mass., with whom Kaplan, Latti & Flannery, Boston, Mass., was on brief, for plaintiff-appellant.

James C. Gahan, Jr., Boston, Mass., for defendant-appellee.

Before ALDRICH, McENTEE and CAMPBELL, Circuit Judges.

ALDRICH, Senior Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff, a seaman, brought suit against his employer, a shipower, in the usual counts: Count One for negligence under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. 688; Count Two for unseaworthiness, and a maintenance count not presently involved. The court directed a verdict for the defendant on Count One, and the jury found for the defendant on Count Two. Plaintiff alleges error in the direction of the verdict and, with respect to the second count, in the charge. For reasons we will come to, there was no error in directing the verdict. We will deal first with Count Two.

Before doing so, however, we express strong criticism of plaintiff's counsel for an inadequate appendix. No experienced appellate practitioner could think that the skimpy excerpts of testimony set forth were all that were relevant to the questions at issue. This selective presentment is a violation of F.R.A.P. 10(b). Cf. Moran Towing Corp. v. M. A. Gammino Constr. Co., 1 Cir., 1966, 363 F.2d 108, 109. We have long complained of a practice obliging the appellee to fill in substantial interstices, in turn requiring us to sashay from one appendix to the other. Chernack v. Radlo, 1 Cir., 1964,331 F.2d 170, 171-172. We notify the bar that serious breaches by an appellant in this respect hereafter may result in the imposition of costs chargeable against counsel personally. Plaintiff in this case offended not only with respect to the testimony, but in over-reducing the charge.

Plaintiff's claim of unseaworthiness is based upon the following facts. On the day in question defendant's tug Gorham Whitney was docked undergoing a substantial engine overhaul. This was being done by plaintiff, who was the chief engineer, and one assistant. It was necessary to raise the cylinder heads, one at a time, from the engine. This was effected by a chain fall (a chain and pulley device) temporarily attached to a shackle in the deck immediately overhead. The fall weighed some forty pounds, and while plaintiff was attaching it in this instance he slipped and fell, injuring his back.

In order to affix the fall to the ceiling, plaintiff was obliged to stand upon something. He testified that defendant should have furnished him a stepladder; that he looked for such but could not find one, and that, accordingly, he was obliged to stand 'like a bird' on an iron pipe rail which, unnoticed by him until afterwards, was covered with oil. He further testified that it was customary to have three men on the job, but that defendant had constantly refused his requests for this additional help.

On this basis plaintiff claimed that defendant had supplied a place to work that was unsafe in three particulars: no ladder; oil on the rail, and insufficient assistance. Defendant's response was that a ladder was available; that plaintiff should not have stood on the rail, at least without wiping it, and that it was not customary, or necessary to have three men when the work was proceeding at a leisurely pace at the dock instead of by emergency repair at sea. Defendant, in addition, obtained an admission from plaintiff that as chief engineer in charge of the engineroom it was his duty to obtain the stepladder if one was available and needed, and to maintain proper working conditions and 'keep this engine rail clean and free from various substances like oil . . ..' Plaintiff countered that the oil 'is drippings from the cylinder heads when we take them off and the liners out. There's always some oil coming down to the railing and the floor'-- a somewhat self-stultifying position for plaintiff to take in view of his admittedly mounting the railing without looking for, and removing, the oil he knew, on that basis, was necessarily there.

The portion of the charge to which plaintiff objects is the following.

'If you find that the duty of maintaining this engine room in a seaworthy condition was solely a duty which the plaintiff owed to his employer to perform, and if you find that the condition of unseaworthiness which was the cause of the plaintiff's accident was due solely to the failure of the plaintiff to carry out his duty to his employer to keep that engine room in a seaworthy condition, then you must find for the defendant in this case.

'In short, the plaintiff cannot recover on the basis of an unseaworthy condition which is due wholly and solely to a failure on his part to perform the responsibilities that were assigned to him. That is one of the aspects of the case that it is the burden of the defendant to establish . . . (that it was solely the plaintiff's duty to keep this engine room in a seaworthy condition.)'

The bracketed material was not included in plaintiff's appendix. Nor was the court's full explanation of the pro rata rule if plaintiff's negligence was only contributory-- that if plaintiff's injury was due only in part to his failure and in part to improper conduct by defendant, plaintiff might recover ratably. See Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. v. Smith, 1939, 305 U.S. 424, 431, 59 S.Ct. 262, 83 L.Ed. 265; Donovan v. Esso Shipping Co., 3 Cir., 1958, 259 F.2d 65, 67, cert. denied, 359 U.S. 907, 79 S.Ct. 583, 3 L.Ed.2d 572. Finally, at plaintiff's request the court illustrated and charged in explicit terms that defendant could not rely upon any principle of assumption of the risk.

We cannot read the charge as a whole without concluding that it fairly informed the jury that, irrespective of plaintiff's duty, defendant would be liable if there should have been three men present and the absence of the third man contributed to the accident; or if a stepladder was needed but was not available; or if, in the jury's view, plaintiff was only contributorily negligent. Consequently the complained-of instruction was, both because of other instructions, and in direct terms, applicable only if the jury found that the accident was due solely to the failure of plaintiff, as the one in charge, to have the engineroom seaworthy by obtaining an available ladder or, if it was proper to use the rail, to see that it was free of oil before he stepped on it.

The question of the ladder need not detain us. If a vessel makes available two means for performing an act, one of which is unsafe, e.g., two tools, one of which is defective, or two ladders, one of which is slippery, it would be an indirect application of the proscribed doctrine of assumption of the risk to foreclose recovery completely if the seaman chose the less desirable alternative. Cf. Socony-Vacuum, ante, 305 U.S. at 431-432, 59 S.Ct. 262. But this does not mean that a seaman may not be wholly barred if he selects a method he could not reasonably think open to him. Thus if the cook were given a proper bottle opener but chose to knock the head off the bottle, he could not complain. Or if there were two gangways and one was marked 'Do not use,' it could not be thought that a seaman insisting upon using it despite the proferred alternative could complain of the ship's unseaworthiness. So, in the case at bar, if there was a ladder available which was the single means the engineer was supposed to use, as, indeed, his own testimony suggested, it would not be proper to hold the vessel responsible to any degree if his decision not to use it was a free choice. Berke v. Lehigh Marine Disposal Corp., 2 Cir., 1970, 435 F.2d 1073, cert. denied, 404 U.S. 825, 92 S.Ct. 55, 30 L.Ed.2d 53 (seaman injured when not using safety line; no evidence line was not available). The court made its charge particularly clear by conditioning nonliability upon a finding that plaintiff, as the person having full freedom of decision, was the sole cause of his accident. This is not a case where a lower echelon employee was offered defective means, so that both he and the ship may have been at fault. Cf. Noack v. American Steamship Co., 6 Cir., 1974, 491 F.2d 937.

Similar reasoning applies if plaintiff, having the primary duty to clean up oil, unnecessarily proceeded without doing so. If a seaman had spilled oil and then, rejecting an opportunity to wipe it up, had walked in it, it would shock the conscience to allow him to recover. The rule is settled that such negligent use of an otherwise seaworthy vessel precludes relief. See Sotell v. Maritime Overseas, Inc., 2 Cir., 1973, 474 F.2d 794, 796; June T., Inc. v. King 5 Cir., 1961, 290 F.2d 404, 407; Williams v. The S.S. De Larrinaga, 4 Cir., 1961, 287 F.2d 732, 735; Donovan v. Esso Shipping Co., ante, 259 F.2d at 67; Seitz v. M.V. The Captantonis, D.Or., 1962, 203 F.Supp. 723. We see little difference in the present case. Plaintiff, in charge of the operation, knew that the cylinder heads dripped oil. He knew, too, that it was his duty to keep the engineroom in a safe condition. Instead of passing a rag over the rail, he proceeded, indifferently, to step on it, and then, unless the court's instruction was correct, would seek to hold the ship even though the jury were to find the fault solely his. ¹

In similar circumstances, recovery was barred in Walker v. Lykes Bros. S.S. C., 2 Cir., 1952, 193 F.2d 772, where a ship's master was injured in his own quarters by broken equipment he was charged to repair, but neglected to attend to. Walker has been read to bar recovery whenever a seaman's injury has been caused in part by the breach of his contractual duty to his employer, thus permitting an employer's action for non-eerformance, and creating a set-off. See Reinhart v. United States...