Poretta v. Com.

• Decision Date: 10 April 1991
• Citation: 569 N.E.2d 794,409 Mass. 763
• Parties: Joseph PORETTA v. COMMONWEALTH.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

Page 794

569 N.E.2d 794

409 Mass. 763

Joseph PORETTA v. COMMONWEALTH.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts,

Suffolk.

Argued Feb. 5, 1991.

Decided April 10, 1991.

Thomas B. Vawter, Gloucester, for plaintiff.

Robert J. Bender, Asst. Dist. Atty. (George M. O'Connor, Asst. Dist. Atty., with him) for the Com.

Before LIACOS, C.J., and WILKINS, LYNCH and O'CONNOR, JJ.

LYNCH, Justice.

During the trial of codefendants Joseph Poretta, Kim Sullivan, and Robert J. Carr, for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and trafficking in cocaine (G.L. c. 94C, §§ 32A, 32E [1988 ed.] ), a Superior Court judge declared a mistrial on Poretta's motion. Poretta subsequently moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that retrial was barred by double jeopardy principles under both State and Federal law. Another Superior Court judge denied the motion. Poretta then sought similar relief before a single justice of this court pursuant to G.L. c. 211, § 3 (1988 ed.). The single justice denied his petition and the defendant appeals. We affirm the single justice's decision.

At trial, the Commonwealth introduced the eyewitness testimony of two Salem police officers from which the jury could have found the following facts. Robert Carr agreed to sell cocaine to an undercover police officer, who met Carr for that purpose in a Salem parking lot at 7:20 P.M. on August 18, 1988. While sitting in the officer's unmarked vehicle, the officer gave Carr $1,600, whereupon Carr got out of the vehicle saying, "My connection is around the corner. I have to go give them the money." Carr walked across the street and approached a pickup truck operated by Poretta. Kim Sullivan was in the passenger seat of the truck. Carr handed the cash to Poretta, conversed with Poretta briefly, then returned to the undercover officer's vehicle. Carr instructed the officer to "just drive around," which they did for approximately ten minutes before pulling into the parking lot behind a "fast food" restaurant in Salem. The pickup truck entered the lot behind them and then parked in an adjacent lot. Carr again approached the truck, spoke with Poretta (whom the undercover officer recognized from past dealings) and Sullivan, and put his hands in the truck. He then returned to the officer's car and handed the officer a bag containing cocaine.

Carr testified in his own defense. On cross-examination, he absolved Sullivan and Poretta of any complicity in the drug transaction (although he admitted that, by coincidence, they were also at the scene) and implicated another individual as the cocaine supplier.

After Carr related his version of the events, Sullivan's attorney asked to be heard at sidebar. There Sullivan's attorney stated that Carr's testimony was "at complete variance" with his earlier statement of the facts in a discussion among Carr and the attorneys representing Carr, Poretta, and Sullivan. ¹ Noting that he brought this issue to the judge's attention "in my capacity as an officer of the court" and "to protect my client's rights," Sullivan's attorney moved for a mistrial. Poretta's lawyer adopted these statements and joined in the motion for mistrial. The Commonwealth objected, offering that Carr could be "rehabilitated" on redirect examination, but Poretta's attorney argued that Carr's testimony would "compound what I conceive as prejudice and confusion in the minds of the jurors against my client and Miss Sullivan." The judge granted the motions for mistrial with respect to Sullivan and Poretta based in part on the possibility of prejudice to their defenses. ² Trial of Carr resumed with redirect examination.

Poretta then filed a motion to dismiss the indictment arguing that retrial was barred by State and Federal double jeopardy principles. In an accompanying affidavit he stated that his attorney never consulted with him before requesting the mistrial and that the implications of a mistrial were never explained to him. ³ He further asserted: "I thought Robert Carr's testimony was helpful to my case because he told the jury that I was not involved with the drug deal for which I was being charged." A Superior Court judge denied Poretta's motion, ruling that the attorney's "tactical decision" to request a mistrial "did not require the personal consent of Poretta in order to avoid violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause."

Under both Federal and Massachusetts law, the protection against double jeopardy does not bar retrial after a mistrial is declared on a defendant's motion, absent prosecutorial misconduct intended to provoke the defendant to move for a mistrial. See Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 679, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 2091, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982); Mercedes v. Commonwealth, 405 Mass. 693, 696, 544 N.E.2d 590 (1989); Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 405 Mass. 369, 373-374, 540 N.E.2d 1316 (1989). Poretta does not allege that the prosecutor intentionally goaded him into moving for a mistrial in this case, however. In fact, the prosecutor opposed the motion.

Rather, Poretta contends that this mistrial motion constituted a waiver of his right not to be placed twice in jeopardy, and that such a waiver must satisfy the "knowing, intelligent, and voluntary" standard established by the United States Supreme Court in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). Thus, Poretta claims, the trial judge was obligated to inquire either of Poretta's lawyer or of Poretta himself whether he assented to the motion for mistrial. Because the judge failed to conduct such a colloquy, Poretta concludes that his "waiver" of the protection against multiple prosecutions was invalid. Therefore, Poretta suggests, retrial should be permitted only if the mistrial was justified by "manifest necessity," the exacting standard governing retrial after a mistrial is granted over the defendant's objection. See Kennedy, supra 456 U.S. at 672, 102 S.Ct. at 2087-88. We disagree.

The Supreme Court has squarely rejected the argument that a defendant's mistrial motion must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary in order for a retrial to be permissible under the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 609-610 n. 11, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 1081 n. 11, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976). Following the Court's ruling in Dinitz, there can be no doubt that the Federal Constitution does not condition the permissibility of retrial on the defendant's personal, explicit assent to a mistrial motion brought by his attorney. E.g., United States v. Smith, 621 F.2d 350, 352-353 n. 3 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1087, 101 S.Ct. 877, 66 L.Ed.2d 813 (1981); United States v. Bobo, 586 F.2d 355, 363-365 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied sub nom. Rowan v. United States, 440 U.S. 976, 99 S.Ct. 1546, 59 L.Ed.2d 795 (1979). ⁴

Therefore, Poretta's argument reduces to an invitation to this court to create such a requirement under the double jeopardy principles of Massachusetts law. We decline to do so. We have held that the standard for barring retrial on double jeopardy grounds is "substantially the same" under Federal and Massachusetts law. Commonwealth v. Smith, 404 Mass. 1, 4, 532 N.E.2d 1207 (1989). We see no reason to depart from this guideline here because we agree with the balancing of interests embodied in the Federal rule.

The case law defining the ban on double jeopardy, in broad strokes, represents an accommodation of the defendant's interest in avoiding oppressive multiple prosecutions and the public interest in just results. See Commonwealth v. Andrews, 403 Mass. 441, 447-448, 530 N.E.2d 1222 (1988), quoting Kennedy, supra 456 U.S. at 682-683, 102 S.Ct. at 2093 (Stevens, J., concurring). Thus, the defendant's interests "must be balanced against society's interest in affording the prosecutor one full and fair opportunity to present his evidence to the jury." Kennedy, supra at 682, 102 S.Ct. at 2093 (Stevens, J., concurring). We conclude that a requirement that the defendant personally and knowingly consent to a mistrial motion brought on his behalf would weigh too heavily in favor of the defendant.

A mistrial is not always inimical to the defendant's interests. "In the event of severely prejudicial error a defendant might well consider an immediate new trial a preferable alternative to the prospect of a probable conviction followed by an appeal, a reversal of the conviction, and a later retrial." Dinitz, supra 424 U.S. at 610, 96 S.Ct. at 1081. "In such circumstances, a defendant's mistrial request has objectives not unlike the interests served by the Double Jeopardy Clause--the avoidance of the anxiety, expense, and delay occasioned by multiple prosecutions." Id. at 608, 96 S.Ct. at 1080.

In this light, a defendant's motion for mistrial is distinguishable from the waiver of a constitutional right, such as the right to counsel, which must satisfy the "knowing, intelligent, and voluntary" standard. See Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). While a mistrial may promote the defendant's interest in avoiding double jeopardy, a...