Poston v. National Fidelity Life Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 21 February 1990
• Docket Number: No. 23294,23294
• Court: South Carolina Supreme Court
• Parties: William S. POSTON, individually, Ronald B. Poston, individually, William S. Poston, and Ronald B. Poston as Personal Representatives of the Estate of Margaret S. Poston, Thomas J. Poston and Kay P. Harmon, Respondents, v. NATIONAL FIDELITY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant. . Heard

Page 770

399 S.E.2d 770

303 S.C. 182

William S. POSTON, individually, Ronald B. Poston,

individually, William S. Poston, and Ronald B. Poston as

Personal Representatives of the Estate of Margaret S.

Poston, Thomas J. Poston and Kay P. Harmon, Respondents, v. NATIONAL FIDELITY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellant.

No. 23294.

Supreme Court of South Carolina.

Heard Feb. 21, 1990.

Decided Nov. 26, 1990.

David W. Robinson, II, James M. Brailsford, III, and D. Clay Robinson, of Robinson, McFadden & Moore, P.A., Columbia, and Gordon B. Baker, Jr., of Willcox, Hardee, McLeod, Buyck, Baker & Williams, Florence, for appellant.

Ken Suggs and John Boswell, of Suggs & Kelly Lawyers, P.A., Columbia, and Thomas E. Smith, Jr., Pamplico, for respondents.

CHANDLER, Justice:

National Fidelity Life Insurance Company (Fidelity) appeals a jury verdict of $400,000 actual and $200,000 punitive damages in favor of Respondents (The Postons/Beneficiaries) for breach of contract and bad faith refusal to pay a life insurance policy.

We affirm the award of actual damages, and reverse the award of punitive damages.

FACTS

A detailed review of the facts is necessary to an understanding of the issues.

David A. Lowe (Lowe), an insurance agent, proposed to sell B. Stafford Poston (Poston), age 65, a $500,000 life insurance policy with Fidelity. ¹ Lowe sought to obtain a "super-preferred" rate ² for Poston, in the hopes of writing a second $500,000 policy on Poston's wife.

After the application and requisite medical exam were completed on July 8, 1985, Poston's wife gave Lowe a $600 check in payment of the first month's premium. Lowe then handed, either to Poston or his wife, a "Conditional Receipt," the back of which contains three conditions precedent to coverage:

(1) a premium deposit equal to at least one month's premium,

(2) a completed medical examination, and

(3) a determination by the Insurer that the applicant was insurable at standard rates as of the Application Date.

The receipt next states:

then, but only after such conditions are met, insurance under the terms and conditions of the policy applied for will become effective as of the Application Date regardless of death or change of insurability of any person on whom insurance is requested and which occurs after such Application Date. However, the Company shall not be required to make insurance effective for an amount which together with any amount in effect on the Proposed Insured in the Company would exceed the following limits: (a) $100,000 of life insurance, and (b) $50,000 of accidental death benefits. (Emphasis supplied).

Lowe did not read these provisions to Poston, nor did he call them to his attention.

The application was then sent to Insurer for processing; however, prior to a determination of insurability, Poston was killed in an automobile accident on July 13, 1985.

Thereafter, the Postons/Beneficiaries filed a claim with Fidelity, through Lowe, who "hoped" that the company would pay the full $500,000.

On August 1, 1985, an interdepartmental memo from Mary Livingston, manager of Fidelity's claims department, advised that "The attached case is for $500,000.... The policy has not been issued. The applicant was killed in a car accident. We are getting records to see if policy would have been issued. If so, claim will be paid." At the bottom of the memo is a comment "Possible--payment according to conditional receipt--if so no reinsurance."

Subsequently, Poston's medical records revealed a June, 1984 liver enzyme test which was somewhat elevated, "although not significantly" (Tr. p. 66). ³ Due to this test result, Fidelity concluded that further testing would have been required to determine insurability. Unable to gather such evidence, Insurer resolved the doubt in Poston's favor and found him to be insurable. Thereafter, Fidelity paid the beneficiaries $100,000 under the conditional receipt provision, deducting the $600 premium. ⁴

The Beneficiaries instituted suit alleging (1) breach of contract for failure to pay the full $500,000, and (2) bad faith refusal to pay. The jury returned a verdict in their favor for $400,000 actual and $200,000 punitive damages.

ISSUES

Although several issues are raised, we need address only

(1) whether Poston was limited by the conditional receipt to $100,000 coverage, and (2) whether there is evidence of bad faith to support an award of punitive damages.

DISCUSSION

I. Conditional Receipt

This Court has addressed the validity of conditional receipts. In Vernon v. Provident Life & Accident Insurance Company, 266 S.C. 208, 222 S.E.2d 501 (1976), Justice Littlejohn, writing for the majority, stated:

In the life insurance business, there are in use various forms of binding receipts which at least conditionally afford an applicant interim coverage between the date of the application and the actual issuance and delivery of the policy. Such binding receipts have been the source of a great deal of litigation. In determining whether interim coverage is afforded by a particular receipt, the specific language of the receipt must be taken into account. Liability of the insurer, if any, is dependent upon the language of the receipt, the facts of the particular case and the intention of the parties. (Emphasis supplied).

266 S.C. at 213-214, 222 S.E.2d at 503.

As with contracts generally, the cardinal principle in construing insurance contracts is that the intention of the parties controls. See, generally, 43 Am.Jur.2d Insurance § 272.

We have previously recognized that restrictions or limitations of which an insured has no notice are not binding, see, Hyder v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 183 S.C. 98, 190 S.E. 239 (1936), a holding which derives from lack of intent on the part of an insured to have his remedies contractually limited.

Laypersons who pay their premium at the time an application for insurance is filed are justified in assuming that payment will bring immediate protection. Smith v. Westland Life Ins. Co., 15 Cal.3d 111, 123 Cal.Rptr. 649, 539 P.2d 433 (1975). "[I]f nothing is said about the complicated and legalistic phrasing of the receipt, and the agent accepts the application and first month's premium, the applicant has reason to believe he is insured." Toevs v. Western Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 94 Idaho 151, 483 P.2d 682, 685 (1971). "An insurer who wishes to avoid liability must not only use clear and unequivocal language evidencing its intent to limit temporary coverage, but it must also call such limiting conditions to the attention of the applicant." Sanchez v. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co., 681 P.2d 974 (Colo.App.1984). See also, State Farm v. Khoe, 884 F.2d 401 (9th Cir.1989); Cain v. Aetna, 135 Ariz. 189, 659 P.2d 1334 (Ariz.App.1983); Puritan Life Ins. v. Guess, 598 P.2d 900 (Alaska 1979); Collister v. Nationwide Life Ins., 479 Pa. 579, 388 A.2d 1346 (1978).

It must be emphasized that Poston did not approach Lowe to procure a $500,000 policy; indeed, he had an existing $500,000 policy with Great Southern National Life Insurance. To the contrary, it was Lowe who sought out Poston for the purpose of selling two policies, one to Poston and another to his wife. After gaining Poston's consent to purchase the policy, however, Lowe failed to call to his attention the terms of the Conditional Receipt which attempted to limit Fidelity's liability to...