Premier Capital, LLC v. KMZ, Inc.

• Decision Date: 07 March 2013
• Docket Number: SJC–11136.
• Citation: 984 N.E.2d 286,464 Mass. 467
• Parties: PREMIER CAPITAL, LLC v. KMZ, INC.
• Court: United States State Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Supreme Court

464 Mass. 467

984 N.E.2d 286

PREMIER CAPITAL, LLC

v.KMZ, INC.

SJC–11136.

Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Hampden.

Argued Nov. 6, 2012.

Decided March 7, 2013.

Thomas J. Morrissey, Cape Elizabeth, for the plaintiff.

Carolyn L. McCaffrey, East Longmeadow, for the defendant.

Present: IRELAND, C.J., SPINA, CORDY, BOTSFORD, GANTS, DUFFLY, & LENK, JJ.

DUFFLY, J.

Premier Capital, LLC (Premier), is in the business of debt acquisition, management, and collection. Premier filed an action in the Superior Court on July 3, 2007, alleging that it is the current holder of a sealed promissory note (note) from Max Zeller Furs, Inc. (Zeller), executed on September 10, 1987, and that KMZ, Inc. (KMZ), is liable on the note as the successor in interest.

KMZ and Premier filed cross motions for summary judgment. A Superior Court judge allowed KMZ's motion on the ground that Premier's complaint was not timely filed. Nonetheless, the judge also denied Premier's cross motion after concluding that there was a genuine issue of material fact whether KMZ is a successor in interest to Zeller. Premier appealed, and we transferred this case here on our own motion in order to decide whether the six-year statute of limitations set forth in art. 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, governs an action on a sealed promissory note.

We conclude that G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, does apply, but only to causes of action accruing after its enactment in 1998. Consequently, because Premier's cause of action accrued before G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, was enacted, and the note upon which Premier filed suit was executed under seal, Premier timely commenced its action against KMZ under the twenty-year statute of limitations governing actions on contracts under seal, G.L. c. 260, § 1. Therefore, KMZ's motion for summary judgment should have been denied.

We conclude also that Premier's motion for summary judgment was denied properly. Premier maintained that the undisputed facts in the summary judgment record establish that KMZ is the successor in interest to Zeller, one of two corporations that executed the note,¹ such that Premier was entitled to summary judgment against KMZ. We disagree, and conclude that Premier has not met its burden of showing that the undisputed facts establish that KMZ is the successor in interest to Zeller.

1. Background and prior proceedings. Zeller was founded in 1922 by Max Zeller; it was organized as a Massachusetts corporationin 1967, and Max Zeller's son, Eugene Zeller, thereafter became the owner and operator of Zeller. On September 10, 1987, Zeller executed a promissory note under seal. According to the terms of the note, Zeller promised to pay the First National Bank of Boston the principal amount of $350,000, plus interest, in monthly instalments over a term of 246 months. Full payment of the principal under the note was due on March 10, 2008. The note also gave the noteholder the ability to demand repayment of the principal balance, plus accrued interest, five years from the date of execution or any time thereafter.

Zeller failed to make the required monthly payments. As a result, in January, 1996, AMRESCO New England, Inc., the noteholder at that time, issued a notice of default and demand for payment in full to Zeller. To satisfy the debt, AMRESCO New England II, L.P., a later noteholder, foreclosed on certain properties, and, as of January, 1998, there remained a deficiency balance under the note in the amount of $543,046.82 (the unpaid principal and accrued interest). Shortly thereafter, on August 31, 1998, Zeller was involuntarily dissolved.

On July 3, 2007, Premier filed this action against KMZ, alleging that Premier is the current holder of the note and that KMZ is liable on the note as the successor in interest to Zeller. Following discovery that included depositions of Eugene Zeller's sons Michael and Kevin, who are officers of KMZ, the parties filed their cross motions for summary judgment.

2. Statute of limitations. We first consider whether an action to enforce a sealed promissory note is subject to the six-year statute of limitations governing actions to enforce promissory notes, G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, or to the twenty-year statute of limitations governing actions “upon contracts under seal,” G.L. c. 260, § 1.² This issue presents a question of law appropriate for resolution on summary judgment. See, e.g., Afarian v. Massachusetts Elec. Co., 449 Mass. 257, 261, 866 N.E.2d 901 (2007); Cabot Corp. v. AVX Corp., 448 Mass. 629, 637–640, 863 N.E.2d 503 (2007). We review a decision to grant or deny summary judgment de novo. Federal Nat'l Mtge. Ass'n v. Hendricks, 463 Mass. 635, 637, 977 N.E.2d 552 (2012).

a. Whether G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, governs notes executed under seal.General Laws c. 106, § 3–118,³ forms part of art. 3 of the UCC, the law of negotiable instruments. See G.L. c. 106, § 3–102. The Legislature has stated that the UCC “shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies.” G.L. c. 106, § 1–102(1). The stated purposes of the UCC include the simplification, clarification, and modernization of commercial law, G.L. c. 106, § 1–102(2) ( a ), and the promotion of uniform commercial laws across jurisdictions. See G.L. c. 106, § 1–102(2) ( a )-( c ). See also Gossels v. Fleet Nat'l Bank, 453 Mass. 366, 370, 902 N.E.2d 370 (2009) (UCC designed to avoid “a motley patchwork of liability standards from State to State”). It is in light of these purposes and the history of its enactment that we consider the meaning of the limitations periods in G.L. c. 106, § 3–118.

The Legislature first enacted G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, in 1998, as part of a complete rewriting of art. 3.⁴ The 1998 legislation, which adopted the revised version of art. 3 published by the American Law Institute and National Conference on Uniform State Laws in 1990, marked “a major overhaul” of the implementation of the Massachusetts version of art. 3, which had been enacted in 1957.⁵ See 2 J.J. White & R.S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 16–2, at 72 (5th ed.2008).

Before the 1998 enactment of G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, there was no uniform statute of limitations governing actions to enforce negotiable instruments. Instead, parties were obliged to consider general statutes of limitations located in various statutory provisions outside the UCC to determine the applicable time frame within which to file suit. See H. Lemelman, Manual on Uniform Commercial Code § 3:53 (rev. 3d ed. 2012). See also 2 J.J. White & R.S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code, supra at § 16–16. In Massachusetts, as in other jurisdictions, the applicable statute of limitations depended on whether the negotiable instrument at issue was sealed or unsealed. See H. Lemelman, Manual on Uniform Commercial Code, supra at § 3:53. See also 1 Williston, Contracts § 2:21, at 225 (R. Lord 4th ed. 2007) (under old version of art. 3, “state statutes of limitation providing for different periods of limitation respecting sealed instruments would retain vitality”).

The Legislature changed this regime by enacting G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, which created a uniform statute of limitations for all actions arising under art. 3. As the official comment to UCC § 3–118 states, this statute of limitations is designed “to define the time within which an action to enforce an obligation, duty, or right arising under Article 3 must be commenced.” 2 U.L.A. 94 (Master ed. 2004).⁶ The purpose underlying its adoption is clear: to increase uniformity in the law of negotiable instruments across States, such that parties need not look beyond art. 3 to determine the applicable time frame within which to file suit. The enactment of G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, was intended to “replace the earlier need to reference the general statute of limitations found in [G.L.] c. 260.” H. Lemelman, Manual on Uniform Commercial Code, supra at § 3:53, at 456 (“The notion is to create uniform time periods within which actions must be brought and create consistency with the expectations of commercial holders of such instruments”).

General Laws c. 106, § 3–118, takes the place of all other statutes of limitations that might otherwise apply to negotiable instruments. As the Prefatory Note to the revised art. 3 states, “[§] 3–118 ... include[s] statutory periods of limitations which will make the law uniform rather than leaving the topic to widely varying state laws.” 2 U.L.A. 13, Commissioner's Prefatory Note (Master ed. 2004). Commentators on the UCC have pointed to the addition of this statute of limitations as a step toward greater uniformity and clarity in the law of negotiable instruments. See 2 J.J. White & R.S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code, supra at § 16–16, at 165 (“The new statute of limitations provisions will be useful clarifications and will help minimize problems formerly associated with pawing around in a state's disorganized body of statutory and case law on limitations”). See also 1 Williston, Contracts, supra.

Notwithstanding this clearly stated policy underlying the enactment of G.L. c. 106, § 3–118, Premier contends that this statute of limitations does not apply to the note at issue because the statute does not explicitly state that it applies to sealed instruments and, therefore, that G.L. c. 260, § 1, concerning “contracts under seal” controls.

Contrary to Premier's argument, the law of negotiable instruments has applied to sealed and unsealed instruments alike since 1898.⁷ The version of art. 3 repealed by the Legislature in [464 Mass. 473]1998 had provided that “[a]n instrument otherwise negotiable is within this Article even though it is under a seal.” G.L. c. 106, § 3–113. Although the revised version of art. 3 does not contain an equivalent provision, it did not change sub silentio the longstanding rule that the law of negotiable instruments applies equally to sealed and unsealed instruments. See Commonwealth v. Burke, 390 Mass. 480, 486, 457 N.E.2d 622 (...