Pugh v. State ex rel. Galanos

• Decision Date: 24 August 1983
• Parties: Austin PUGH v. STATE of Alabama ex rel. Chris H. GALANOS, District Attorney for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of Alabama. Civ. 3770.
• Court: Alabama Court of Civil Appeals

Page 931

441 So.2d 931

Austin PUGH v. STATE of Alabama ex rel. Chris H. GALANOS, District Attorney for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of Alabama.

Civ. 3770.

Court of Civil Appeals of Alabama.

Aug. 24, 1983.

Rehearing Denied Sept. 21, 1983.

Certiorari Denied Dec. 16, 1983

Alabama Supreme Court 83-16.

Willis W. Holloway, Jr., Mobile, for appellant.

Charles A. Graddick, Atty. Gen., and Thomas R. Allison, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

HOLMES, Judge.

This is an appeal by the owner of an automobile from a condemnation proceeding. After an ore tenus hearing the trial court forfeited the automobile. The owner, through able counsel, appeals and we affirm.

The dispositive issues are (1) whether the forfeiture of the automobile was based upon inadmissable evidence in that unauthorized law enforcement officials conducted an illegal search in violation of constitutional rights and (2) whether there was sufficient evidence that the owner knew or should have known that his automobile would be used to transport drugs.

The record reveals the following pertinent facts:

Acting on information received from a confidential enformant, law enforcement officials including city policemen, the Alabama Bureau of Investigation, and federal narcotics agents observed and then stopped the defendant while driving the vehicle in question. The automobile belonged to the defendant's brother who had loaned the vehicle to defendant that day.

A warrantless search of the automobile turned up approximately four ounces of cocaine which was seized and defendant was arrested. The district attorney of Mobile County thereafter petitioned to have the vehicle condemned pursuant to § 20-2-93, Ala.Code (1975).

After an ore tenus hearing the trial court found that the owner of the vehicle knew or should have known that, given the reputation of his brother, the defendant, the vehicle might be used for illegal transactions. Consequently, the trial court ordered the automobile forfeited to the police.

On appeal, the owner first contends that the automobile was illegally searched and that the forfeiture cannot be predicated on evidence seized during the search. More specifically, the owner contends that the officers conducting the search were not authorized to do so and that there was no probable cause present to justify a warrantless search.

The owner relies on statutes pertaining to the issuance and execution of search warrants that authorize only the sheriff or someone under his supervision to execute warrants. §§ 15-5-1, 15-5-5; 15-5-7 Ala.Code (1975). It is undisputed that the sheriff was not involved in the instant case. However, the present case involves a warrantless search. Section 15-5-30, Ala.Code (1975), gives policemen of any incorporated city the authority to stop and question any person in a public place who the policemen reasonably suspect is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a felony or other public offense. Additionally, the police are allowed to conduct a warrantless search of the vehicle stopped if they have probable cause. Daniels v. State, 290 Ala. 316, 276 So.2d 441 (1973).

All searches without a warrant are deemed unreasonable unless they fall within certain recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement. Daniels v. State, 290 Ala. 316, 276 So.2d 441 (1973). The most pertinent exception as far as it concerns the present case involves exigent circumstances coupled with probable cause.

In McClellan v. State, 415 So.2d 1238 (Ala.Cr.App.1982), the court of criminal appeals states the law regarding probable cause that we believe is applicable in the case at bar.

"Probable cause may be based solely on hearsay information received from an informant as long as there is a 'substantial basis for crediting the hearsay.' Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960); Clenney v. State, 281 Ala. 9, 198 So.2d 293 (1966). A substantial basis for believing the hearsay report exists if the informant's tip satisfies the 'veracity' and 'basis of knowledge' requirements outlined in Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964). However, if the tip fails to meet either the veracity or basis of knowledge test, it may still, by itself, supply probable cause if the tip is 'self-verifying,' i.e., if its information is so detailed and specific that a 'magistrate, when confronted with such detail, could reasonably infer that the informant gained his information in a reliable way.' Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969)."

McClellan v. State, 415 So.2d 1238, 1239-40 (Ala.Cr.App.1982). Cf. Murray v. State ex rel. Tidwell, 423 So.2d 246 (Ala.Civ.App.1982). (Informant's tip...