Quetgles v. City of Columbus

• Decision Date: 15 September 1997
• Docket Number: No. S97A1136,S97A1136
• Parties: , 97 FCDR 3408 QUETGLES et al. v. CITY OF COLUMBUS et al.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

Page 778

491 S.E.2d 778

268 Ga. 619, 97 FCDR 3408

QUETGLES et al. v. CITY OF COLUMBUS et al.

No. S97A1136.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Sept. 15, 1997.

Reconsideration Denied Nov. 4, 1997.

Steven M. Youngelson, Steven M. Youngelson, P.C., Atlanta, for Quetgles et al.

Eugene H. Polleys, Jr., City Atty., Michael E. Garner, Columbus, for City of Columbus.

THOMPSON, Justice.

Plaintiffs appeal from the trial court's grant of summary judgment to defendant City of Columbus in this adult entertainment case. At issue is City of Columbus Ordinance No. 96-21, which regulates adult entertainment businesses by, inter alia, prohibiting private modeling sessions between customers and employees and requiring the businesses to meet certain distance requirements from other establishments such as churches and schools. Plaintiffs claim the ordinance is unsupported by evidence of negative secondary effects and is a prior restraint on free speech. Plaintiffs further contend that the ordinance operates as a taking of their businesses without just compensation and impairs the obligations of contract. Finally, plaintiffs claim the ordinance violates due process and deprives them of equal protection because it targets one-on-one lingerie modeling. We find these arguments to be without merit and, therefore, affirm.

The original version of Ordinance No. 96-21 was enacted in 1993 as Ordinance No. 93-79. This Court reviewed Ordinance No. 93-79 and reversed and remanded the trial court's grant of the City's motion to dismiss, holding that the pleadings raised a justiciable issue as to whether the ordinance furthered an important governmental interest unrelated to free speech. Quetgles v. City of Columbus, 264 Ga. 708, 450 S.E.2d 677 (1994). In response thereto, the City amended and reenacted the ordinance on March 19, 1996. The amended ordinance contains a preamble stating the reasons for its enactment, and sets a 30-day time limit for the Chief of Police to grant or deny applications for certificates of compliance. Attached to the ordinance were certain documents referred to in the preamble as evidence of negative secondary effects associated with adult entertainment and one-on-one lingerie modeling.

The burden was on the City, as the movant for summary judgment, to show that no genuine issue of material fact remained as to its satisfaction of the requirements of the three-part test in Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Busbee, 250 Ga. 252, 256, 297 S.E.2d 250 (1982). See Discotheque, Inc. v. City Council of Augusta, 264 Ga. 623, 624, 449 S.E.2d 608 (1994); World Famous Dudley's Food, etc. v. City of College Park, 265 Ga. 618, 619, 458 S.E.2d 823 (1995). In support of its motion, the City submitted the documents attached to the ordinance as follows: an affidavit by the Chief of the City of Columbus Planning Division regarding declining property values in areas around adult entertainment establishments; studies on the negative effects of adult entertainment commissioned by Phoenix, Arizona, Austin, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana; a report by the Minnesota Attorney General detailing the negative effects of adult entertainment on property values and crime; an affidavit by the Executive Assistant to the City of Columbus Police Chief concerning crime in areas near lingerie modeling shops; and a list of businesses and arrestees involved in sex crimes associated with one-on-one lingerie modeling in Columbus.

1. Plaintiffs contend the City did not present evidence of negative secondary effects associated with private lingerie modeling businesses to justify its asserted interests in crime prevention and protecting property values. However, we have stated that the City need only prove it considered specific evidence of the negative secondary effects of adult entertainment businesses which it reasonably believed to be relevant to the interests motivating the ordinance. Club Southern Burlesque v. City of Carrollton, 265 Ga. 528, 530, 457 S.E.2d 816 (1995); World Famous Dudley's Food, etc. v. City of College Park, supra at 620, 458 S.E.2d 823; Parker v. Whitfield County, 265 Ga. 829, 830(2), 463 S.E.2d 116 (1995). The City attached to the ordinance affidavits and supporting material relating to its interest in avoiding increased crime and a decrease in property values. This evidence was sufficient to support the City Council's interest in protecting property values and preventing criminal activity in areas near the one-on-one lingerie modeling shops. Parker v. Whitfield County, supra.

2. "An ordinance designed to combat the undesirable secondary effects of sexually explicit businesses is content-neutral. [Cits.]" Goldrush II v. City of Marietta, 267 Ga. 683, 690, 482 S.E.2d 347 (1997). Because Ordinance No. 96-21 was designed to combat a decline in property values and an increase in crime surrounding adult entertainment establishments, the ordinance is content-neutral, the Paramount test applies, and prior restraint analysis is unnecessary. See Goldrush II, supra at 692, 482 S.E.2d 347.

Under Paramount, an ordinance regulating adult entertainment will be upheld only (1) if it furthers an important governmental interest; (2) if the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression of speech; and (3) if the incidental restriction of speech is no greater than necessary to the furtherance of the governmental interest. Paramount, supra. See also S.J.T., Inc. v. Richmond County, 263 Ga. 267, 268, 430 S.E.2d 726 (1993). We have stated, "[a]n ordinance can pass constitutional muster even though it has a somewhat negative impact on protected expression." Parker v. Whitfield County, supra at 830(2), 463 S.E.2d 116. The Columbus ordinance furthers important governmental interests (reducing crime and protecting property values) unrelated to the suppression of free speech, and the incidental restriction of speech is no greater than necessary to further the governmental interests. See Paramount, supra. As Presiding Justice Fletcher noted in his concurrence in Quetgles, supra at 710, 450 S.E.2d 677,

" '[a]ll federal courts that have addressed this issue have unanimously upheld the open-booth requirement as a valid exercise of state police powers.' [Cits.] The government can eliminate closed booths based on its interest in reducing crime, preventing public sexual activity, maintaining public health, and protecting adjacent properties from deterioration [footnote omitted]."

It follows that the City can prohibit private one-on-one lingerie modeling sessions.

3. Plaintiffs contend that enforcement of the ordinance will result in a taking of their businesses without just compensation and will be a retroactive law impairing the obligations of contract. In this regard, plaintiffs assert the ordinance deprives them of a valuable property right because they have invested time and money in the current use of their property, in part by contracting with the models and remodeling the premises.

A property right is protected by due process against a taking or a retroactive impairment of contractual obligations only if that right is...