Quijano v. U.S.
| Decision Date | 19 March 2003 |
| Docket Number | No. 02-50095.,02-50095. |
| Citation | 325 F.3d 564 |
| Parties | Alfred QUIJANO, Sr., Individually and on behalf of the Estate of Cristina Quijano, Deceased; Michael Quijano, and all other persons entitled to assert a claim pursuant to the Texas Wrongful Death Act; Reynaldo Quijano, and all other persons entitled to assert a claim pursuant to the Texas Wrongful Death Act; Alfred Quijano, Jr., and all other persons entitled to assert a claim pursuant to the Texas Wrongful Death Act; Lorna Shabo, and all other persons entitled to assert a claim pursuant to the Texas Wrongful Death Act; Wilfred Quijano, and all other persons entitled to assert a claim pursuant to the Texas Wrongful Death Act, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit |
George Watts Mauze, II (argued), Law Offices of George W. Mauze, II, San Antonio, TX, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
James F. Gilligan, Jr., Winstanley Fiddian Luke, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued), San Antonio, TX, Claes H. Lewenhaupt (argued), U.S. Army, Arlington, VA, for Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.
Before HIGGINBOTHAM and DAVIS, Circuit Judges, and HUDSPETH,* District Judge.
Cristina Quijano, the civilian spouse of a retired Army service member, underwent coronary artery bypass surgery at the Brooke Army Medical Center ("BAMC") in San Antonio, Texas. Following the surgery, she developed sepsis which was traced to a bacterial infection introduced through a blood transfusion. She died the day after surgery. Her surviving spouse and their adult children ("Quijano family") brought a wrongful death and survival action against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671-80 ("FTCA"). Following a bench trial, the district court found in favor of the Quijano family, and awarded damages of $400,000. The United States appeals.
On September 18, 1995, Mrs. Cristina Quijano, a 69 year-old woman, came to the BAMC Emergency Room complaining of chest pains. She was admitted to the hospital for tests. Those tests revealed blockage of the coronary arteries. The cardiologists recommended bypass surgery, which was scheduled for September 26, 1995.
On September 22, 1995, Quijano family members met with Dr. Alfred Gorman, one of the attending cardiologists. They requested the opportunity to give directed donations of blood1 in case Mrs. Quijano should require a transfusion during or after surgery. That request was denied by Dr. Gorman.2 The family did not repeat the request to anyone else.
Mrs. Quijano's surgery was postponed three days, and was actually performed on September 29, 1995. During surgery, she received a transfusion of two units of packed red blood cells. A later investigation revealed that the blood had been donated by voluntary donors at Fort Hood, Texas, and stored for 34 days. The standard pre-transfusion inspection of the blood revealed no abnormality. Nevertheless, Mrs. Quijano developed septic shock and died approximately 36 hours after surgery. It was later determined that her death was caused by a blood-borne bacterial infection called Yersinia enterocolitica. This bacteria is so rare it is believed to be present in only one out of one million units of donated blood and causes fatality in one out of nine million cases.
In 1995 there were no known screening tests for the presence of Yersinia in transfused blood other than visual inspection immediately prior to infusion. The district court found no negligence in connection with the inspection performed in this case. However, the district court found that BAMC was negligent in refusing the Quijano family's request for directed donation of blood for the benefit of Mrs. Quijano, and that such negligence was a proximate cause of her death.
We review bench trial findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law de novo. Baby Dolls Topless Saloons v. City of Dallas, 295 F.3d 471, 478 (5th Cir.2002).
The FTCA authorizes civil actions for damages against the United States for personal injury or death caused by the negligence of a government employee under circumstances in which a private person would be liable under the law of the state in which the negligent act or omission occurred. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1); 2674. In this case, we apply Texas law. Texas authorizes civil actions both for wrongful death and for the survival of actions for personal injury when the injured person dies. Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 71.002 (Wrongful Death Act); 71.021 (Survivorship Statute). When the negligence alleged is in the nature of medical malpractice, the plaintiff has the burden of proving (1) a duty by the physician or hospital to act according to an applicable standard of care; (2) a breach of that standard of care; (3) an injury, and (4) a causal connection between the breach of care and the injury. Mills v. Angel, 995 S.W.2d 262, 267 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1999, no. pet.); Denton Reg. Med. Ctr. v. LaCroix, 947 S.W.2d 941, 950 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.). The standard of care is a threshold issue which the plaintiff must establish before the fact finder moves on to consider whether the defendant breached that standard of care to such a degree that it constituted negligence. Mills, 995 S.W.2d at 268; Denton Reg. Med. Ctr., 947 S.W.2d at 950. Expert testimony is generally required to prove the applicable standard of care. Hood v. Phillips, 554 S.W.2d 160, 165-66 (Tex. 1977); Bowles v. Bourdon, 148 Tex. 1, 219 S.W.2d 779, 782 (1949); Mills, 995 S.W.2d at 268. That testimony must focus on the standard of care in the community in which the treatment took place or in similar communities. Birchfield v. Texarkana Mem'l Hosp., 747 S.W.2d 361, 366 (Tex. 1987); Hall v. Huff, 957 S.W.2d 90, 101 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1997, pet. denied).
The district court found that in September 1995, the Food and Drug Administration had not promulgated any specific regulation applicable to directed donations of blood, nor had the American Association of Blood Banks adopted a policy with respect to the use of directed donations. The Plaintiff's expert, Dr. Dawson, testified that directed donations were safer than donations from volunteer donors; that in 1995, directed donations were...
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