Reinert v. Superior Court

• Decision Date: 24 November 1969
• Citation: 82 Cal.Rptr. 263,2 Cal.App.3d 36
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
• Parties: Wayne Dale REINERT, Petitioner, v. SUPERIOR COURT of the State of California, FOR the COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Respondent, The PEOPLE of the State of California, Real-Party in Interest. Civ. 34808.

Page 263

82 Cal.Rptr. 263

2 Cal.App.3d 36

Wayne Dale REINERT, Petitioner, v. SUPERIOR COURT of the State of California, FOR the COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Respondent The PEOPLE of the State of California, Real-Party in Interest.

Civ. 34808.

Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 2, California.

Nov. 24, 1969.

Rehearing Denied Dec. 15, 1969.

Richard S. Buckley, Public Defender, Herbert M. Barish, Harold Shabo, and James L. McCormick, Deputy Public Defenders, for petitioner.

No appearance for respondent.

Evelle J. Younger, Dist. Atty., Harry Wood, Head, Appellate Division, and Eugene D. Tavris, Deputy Dist. Atty., for real party in interest.

ALARCON, Associate Justice pro tem. ^*

By information petitioner was charged with possession of marijuana in violation of Health and Safety Code, section 11530. His motion to set aside the information on the grounds that the evidence against him was obtained by an illegal search and seizure was denied and he now seeks a writ of prohibition to prevent his trial.

FACTS

On February 12, 1969 and two weeks prior to that date, Officer Richard Lopez of the Los Angeles Police Department received information from an informant that a person by the name of Wayne Reinert who resided at 5819 Gregory #6 was 'dealing marijuana out of that apartment. And The petitioner's apartment contains a combination bedroom-living room plus a kitchen, bath, and closet. When Officer Lopez entered he observed the petitioner in bed under the covers. His eyes were dilated and his speech was think. He appeared to have been asleep. Officer Lopez could not small anything on his breath. From these observations, he formed the opinion that the petitioner was under the influence of a dangerous drug. Officer Lopez placed the defendant under arrest for a violation of Penal Code, section 647 subsection (f).

that on occasion this individual entered the hallway in a state of intoxication and offered sales to people in the hallway.' The informant did not state whether he had seen the defendant sell marijuana. The informant, whose identity the officer refused to reveal on cross-examination, had furnished information on four occasions since October 1968 which resulted in four arrests. Officer Lopez went to 5819 Gregory on February 13, 1969, at 10:25 a.m. to investigate the informer's report. Prior to so doing, Officer Lopez did not make any effort to obtain a warrant of arrest or search from a magistrate. Upon arriving, Officer Lopez knocked on the door of apartment number 6. He was asked to identify himself by a woman. Officer Lopez replied that he [2 Cal.App.3d 39] was a police officer. He was told by the same person to wait until she dressed herself. After thirty seconds, the officer knocked again. The door was opened by Melody Lynn Jensen. Officer Lopez identified himself as a police officer, displayed his badge and identification card and told her that he was 'conducting a narcotic investigation.' The woman replied, 'Yes, come in.'

Officer Lopez then conducted a search of the apartment. In searching the closet he found a bag containing 28 grams of plant material, mostly seeds inside a coat pocket. The petitioner and Melody Lynn Jenson were then placed under arrest for possession of marijuana.

LEGAL QUESTIONS RAISED BY PETITIONER

The petitioner contends that he was arrested without reasonable and probable cause and therefore the search of his apartment was unreasonable on the following grounds:

1. No probable cause existed for the arrest of the petitioner pursuant to section 647 subsection (f) of the Penal Code. Therefore the search which followed was unreasonable.

2. The arrest cannot be based on the report of the informant since the record fails to show that reliance on the information was justified.

DISCUSSION

The petitioner was initially arrested without a warrant for a violation of section 647 subsection (f) of the Penal Code. That section provides in pertinent part: 'Every person who commits any of the following acts shall be guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor: * * * (f) who is found in any public place under the influence of * * * any drug, * * *.' At the time of the arrest the petitioner was in bed in his apartment and not in a public place. Therefore the arrest for a violation of section 647 subsection (f) was unlawful (see People v. DeYoung, 228 Cal.App.2d 331, 337, 39 Cal.Rptr. 487). Accordingly, the search of the premises here involved cannot be justified by the initial arrest for a violation of section 647 subsection (f).

The People concede that the officer had no probable cause for an arrest for a violation of section 647 subsection (f). Nevertheless, the People contend that the officer had a right to arrest the petitioner for a violation of section 11910 of the Health and Safety Code, possession of restricted dangerous drugs. ¹ It is the People's theory before this court that since Officer Lopez testified that the petitioner appeared to be under the influence of a restricted drug the officer had reasonable cause to arrest the petitioner for possession of restricted dangerous drugs pursuant to Penal Code, section 836. ²

The only evidence presented by the People concerning the basis for the initial arrest of the petitioner (for being under the influence of a dangerous drug) was the following testimony by the arresting officer: 'Upon entering (the apartment) I observed the defendant Reinert laying in bed under the covers.

'And I noticed that his eyes were dilated and that when I spoke to him, or rather when he spoke to me, his speech was thick.

'And that I could not smell anything on his breath. And I at that time, formed the opinion that he was under the influence of a dangerous drug.' On cross-examination Officer Lopez testified that the petitioner appeared to have been asleep just prior to the arrest . No tests were conducted by Officer Lopez to corroborate his opinion.

No attempt was made by the People to qualify Officer Lopez as an expert on the objective symptoms of drug use. Nor is there any evidence in the record before us to establish the symptoms of a person who is under the influence of a restricted drug. This condition is not a matter of generalized knowledge that is so universally known that it cannot reasonably be the subject of dispute. Therefore, it cannot be the subject of judicial notice (Evidence Code, § 451).

We must determine as a matter of law whether the condition of the petitioner as observed by Officer Lopez was sufficient to constitute reasonable cause to believe that the petitioner was under the influence of a restricted dangerous drug. The only symptoms observed by the officer were thick speech and dilated eyes. No test was performed by the officer to determine if this condition was caused by the fact the petitioner had been asleep prior to his arrest. No questions were asked by Officer Lopez prior to the arrest to determine the cause of the petitioner's physical condition. We have no evidence before us to support a finding that because of Officer Lopez's past experience he was justified in forming his opinion prior to the arrest that the petitioner was under the influence of a restricted drug based solely on the appearance of his eyes and his manner of speaking. On the basis of the facts before us there was no reasonable cause for the arrest of the petitioner without a warrant. We believe that the search of a man's home must be justified by more substantial facts than were present in this case.

The People have referred us to People v. Rios, 46 Cal.2d 297, 294 P.2d 39 in support of their contention that the evidence in the matter before us was sufficient to show the existence of probable cause for the arrest and the subsequent search and seizure. However, an analysis of the facts in People v. Rios, supra, clearly demonstrated that the facts of this case are clearly distinguishable and exposes the weakness of the People's position in the matter before us. In Rios, supra, Deputy Sheriff Henry testified that prior to arresting the defendant he made the following...