Reynolds v. Willis

• Decision Date: 21 April 1965
• Citation: 209 A.2d 760,7 Storey 368,58 Del. 368
• Parties: , 58 Del. 368 Roger P. REYNOLDS, Defendant-Appellant, v. Linda G. WILLIS, Plaintiff-Appellee.
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of Delaware

Page 760

209 A.2d 760

8 Storey 368, 58 Del. 368

Roger P. REYNOLDS, Defendant-Appellant, v. Linda G. WILLIS, Plaintiff-Appellee.

Supreme Court of Delaware.

April 21, 1965.

Herbert L. Cobin, Wilmington, for appellant.

John T. Gallagher, of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, for appellee.

WOLCOTT, C. J., CAREY, J., and SEITZ, Chancellor, sitting.

CAREY, Justice.

This appeal from the Superior Court for New Castle County involves an automobile accident in which appellee's husband was injured. Shortly thereafter he died as a result of those injuries. He is alleged to have been a gratuitous passenger in appellant's car. The appellee is his widow as well as the administratrix of his estate.

The appellee instituted this action seeking a recovery as administratrix under T. 10 Del.C. § 3701 (the Survival Statute) and as widow under T. 10 Del.C. § 3704(b) (the Wrongful Death Statute). The former act provides that certain rights of action shall survive to the personal representative, and the latter act confers the right upon a surviving spouse to maintain an action to recover damages 'for the death and loss thus occasioned'. As administratrix, the appellee claims damages for decedent's pain and suffering, for his medical and funeral expenses, and for punitive damages. As widow, she claims damages for loss of support, for loss of her share of the savings that decedent could reasonably have been expected to accumulate during his lifetime, for loss of consortium, for funeral expenses and for punitive damages. Among other defenses, the appellant pleaded contributory negligence on the part of the decedent, and non-liability under the 'Guest Statute', T. 21 Del.C. § 6101. The Court below, in passing upon various motions, made the following rulings in the wrongful death action which are here questioned: (1) contributory negligence of the decedent is not a defense; (2) the Guest Statute is not applicable in this action; (3) loss of the widow's share of the accumulations which the husband would be expected to have made during his lifetime is a proper element of damages; (4) her loss of consortium may be recovered; (5) punitive damages are recoverable; (6) funeral expenses if paid by her recoverable; (7) her damages are not to be reduced because of a remarriage. In the action brought under the Survival Statute, the Court held that punitive damages may be recovered if appellant's conduct was wilful or wanton as that term is defined in McHugh v. Brown, 11 Terry 154, 125 A.2d 583.

We think it is obvious that this Court, in Saunders v. Hill, Del., 202 A.2d 807, in saying that the Wrongful Death Act, § 3704(b), 'does create, in a sense, a new cause of action', used the term as meaning the right to sue for a recovery upon a tort, as distinguished from the tort itself. Technically, we perhaps should have used the term 'right of action' rather than 'cause of action'. See Homiewicz v. Orlowski, 4 W.W.Harr. 66, 143 A. 250. This is apparent from the holdings actually made in the Saunders case. We held that the right of action conferred by this act is dependent upon the right of the person injured, had he not died in consequence of his injuries, to maintain an action for those personal injuries. We pointed out that the distinguishing feature of such an action is not found in the right of a plaintiff to recover but rather in the nature of the recovery allowed to a plaintiff. We specifically approved the rulings of Perry v. Phila, B. & W. R. Co., 1 Boyce 399, 77 A. 725 and Lynch v. Lynch, 9 W.W.Harr. 1, 195 A. 799 as to the proposition that an action by the widow under § 3704(b) is subject to the same infirmities as would exist in a suit by the husband, if he were still living. The Court below was accordingly in error in holding that the defendant cannot rely upon the Guest Statute or upon contributory negligence of the deceased as defenses in the widow's suit in which the appellant is charged with negligence.

We turn now to the various items of damages claimed by the widow. Her claim for reimbursement of funeral expenses is based upon an allegation that she personally paid them. If this be true, the law would usually imply a promise of reimbursement out of the assets of the husband's estate, at least to the extent that they are reasonable. Smolka v. James T. Chandler & Son, 2 Terry 255, 20 A.2d 131, 134 A.L.R. 629. As we understand his brief, the appellant concedes that a personal representative may recover reasonable funeral expenses from a tort-feasor. To avoid circuity of actions, we see no reason why the widow should not recover them directly, upon proof of reasonableness and payment by her. We agree with the lower Court's refusal to strike this claim.

The claim for that share of the accumulations which her husband would problem not discussed in any reported decision of the Courts of this State. However, in O'Toole v. U. S., 242 F.2d 308, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit permitted such a recovery in a case tried under Delaware law. It was there held that this loss is a financial one within the meaning of our statute. It seems to us that it is properly classified as a financial detriment just as is the loss of future support and that it is no more speculative than loss of support, which the appellant concedes to be a proper element of damage. We agree with the reasoning of the O'Toole case and are of the opinion that this claim is a permissible item of recovery, as the lower Court held. We of course are not presently concerned with the proper measure of such damages.

In considering the claim for loss of consortium, we shall assume, without deciding, that Yonner v. Adams, 3 Storey 229, 167 A.2d 717, (mentioned but not approved in Stenta v. LeBlang, Del., 185 A.2d 759) was correctly decided and that a wife may recover for such loss when her husband is merely injured. That case expressly left open the question of whether the same ruling should be applied to suits brought under § 3704(b). In Coulson v. Shirks Motor Express, 9 Terry 561, 107 A.2d 922, the Superior Court, citing a number of Delaware cases, held that the damages recoverable under this statute 'are measured by the pecuniary loss occasioned to the named beneficiaries.' The rule is, in practically every jurisdiction in which damages are not specified by statute, that loss of consortium is not a pecuniary loss and is therefore not recoverable under this type of statute. 16 Am.Jur. Death § 199. We agree. The ruling of the Court below on this point must be reversed. If Cox v. Wilm. Cy. R. R. Co., 4 Penn. 162, 53 A. 569, affd. 7 Penn. 1, 76 A. 1117, was intended to hold otherwise, it is overruled.

For the same reason, punitive damages may not be recovered in a widow's action since they do not constitute a pecuniary loss. McCormick on Damages, § 103. On this point also, the ruling of the Court below must be reversed.

...