Riviere v. Banner Chevrolet

• Decision Date: 06 August 1999
• Docket Number: No. 97-31226,97-31226
• Citation: 184 F.3d 457
• Parties: (5th Cir. 1999) STEFANIE RIVIERE, ET AL.,Plaintiffs, STEFANIE RIVIERE; THOMAS STURDEVANT, Plaintiffs-Appellants; v. BANNER CHEVROLET, INC., ET AL., Defendants, BANNER CHEVROLET, INC., Defendant-Appellee
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 457

184 F.3d 457 (5th Cir. 1999)

STEFANIE RIVIERE, ET AL.,Plaintiffs, STEFANIE RIVIERE; THOMAS STURDEVANT, Plaintiffs-Appellants; v. BANNER CHEVROLET, INC., ET AL., Defendants, BANNER CHEVROLET, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-31226

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

August 6, 1999

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before JONES, DUHE, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:

For this appeal concerning the Truth in Lending Act, the defendant/appellee automobile dealer from whom Appellants purchased a vehicle having prevailed in a bench trial on the basis that the dealer is not a "creditor" within the meaning of the Act, that issue and whether the transaction was a "consumer transaction" for purposes of the Act are the primary matters at hand. We VACATE and REMAND for further proceedings.

I.

In December 1994, Thomas Sturdevant and his wife, Stefanie Riviere, (Appellants) purchased a white pickup truck from Banner Chevrolet. After that truck was damaged in September 1995, Appellants returned it to Banner for repairs. By check, their insurer paid approximately $2,100 to them and $242 to Banner for the damage/repairs.

Appellants testified that, when they returned to Banner to retrieve the truck in October 1995, it was not completely repaired. Sturdevant then discussed with Frank Tessitore, a Banner salesman, trading in the truck toward the purchase of a new one. Appellants did so on 13 October 1995, purchasing a new gold pickup.

The purchase was a credit transaction. Banner completed the form "Retail Instalment Contract", identifying Banner as the "Vendor/Creditor" and containing a section captioned "Federal Truth-In-Lending Disclosures", in which, among other things Banner stated the "finance charge" and "amount financed". The contract provided that Banner assigned its interest to General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC).

In conjunction with the purchase, Tessitore had the white truck appraised and offered Sturdevant $10,000 on the trade-in. Sturdevant refused. Following a second appraisal, Tessitore offered to value it at $12,000. Sturdevant accepted; but, he testified that he understood the appraisal to represent the value of the truck in its still-damaged condition. Tessitore testified that the white truck was fully repaired; that the appraisal represented its value in that condition.

During the sales transaction, Sturdevant was in possession of the $2100 insurance check. Tessitore testified that he told Sturdevant to give the check to the body shop manager as payment for the work on the white truck; and that Sturdevant assured him that he would. However, Appellants kept the check.

Accordingly, the day after Appellants took possession of the gold truck, Tessitore asked Sturdevant for the insurance check. Sturdevant refused. (Banner subsequently obtained a state court judgment against Appellants for the amount due for the repairs.)

Approximately two weeks later, Appellants refinanced the purchase. As discussed infra, they maintain that, prior to refinancing, the new truck was used solely for consumer, not business, purposes.

In November 1995, Appellants filed this action, claiming that Banner had violated the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.¹ Following a bench trial, the district court ruled in favor of Banner, on the basis that it was not a "creditor" within the meaning of TILA.²

II.

Factual findings are reviewed for clear error; questions of law, de novo. E.g., Bridges v. City of Bossier, 92 F.3d 329, 332 (5th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1093 (1997). Appellants maintain that Banner is a TILA "creditor"; that the sale of the gold truck was a consumer transaction; and that Banner violated TILA. (For purposes of this opinion, we need not describe the two claimed violations.)

A.

Enacted to ensure the "informed use of credit results [through] an awareness of the cost thereof by consumers", TILA attempts to achieve this goal by mandating "a meaningful disclosure of credit terms". 15 U.S.C. 1601(a). See also Fairley v. Turan-Foley Imports, Inc., 65 F.3d 475, 479 (5th Cir. 1995) ("purpose of TILA is to protect the consumer from inaccurate and unfair credit practices").

In the light of TILA's purpose and the fact that, among other functions related to being a traditional creditor, Banner completed the form retail installment contract, including the TILA disclosures and identifying itself as the "Vendor/Creditor", it should follow that Banner is the TILA "creditor". But, of course, we must look to TILA to make that determination. Along this line, Appellants contend that the district court, in holding that Banner was not a TILA "creditor", erred in its interpretation of TILA and the applicable regulation and by rejecting the official Federal Reserve Board (FRB) commentary. We agree.

Prior to the enactment of the Truth in Lending Simplification and Reform Act, Pub. L. No. 96-221, 94 Stat. 132, 168 (1980) (TILSRA), the TILA definition of "creditor" distinguished between "creditors" and "credit arrangers", defining a "creditor" as one "who regularly extend[s], or arrange[s] for the extension of, credit". 15 U.S.C. 1602(f)(1980) (subsequently amended by TILSRA); see also 12 C.F.R. 226.2(s)(1980) (pre-TILSRA regulatory definition of "creditor"). Applying this former definition, the Supreme Court held that an automobile dealer was a TILA "credit arranger" because it merely arranged for credit with a finance company which, in turn, became the immediate assignee of the underlying contract. See Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Cenance, 452 U.S. 155, 157-58 (1981)(per curiam). The Court acknowledged that both the dealer and the finance company fit within the pre-TILSRA definition of "creditor", with the finance company's role in the transaction similar to that of a traditional creditor. Id.

In response to Cenance, Congress enacted TILSRA (effective in 1982) and amended the definition of "creditor". As a result, TILA presently defines a "creditor" as

a person who both (1) regularly extends, whether in connection with loans, sales of property or services or otherwise, consumer credit which is payable by agreement in more than four installments or for which the payment of a finance charge is or may be required, and (2) is the person to whom the debt arising from the consumer credit transaction is initially payable on the face of the evidence of indebtedness or, if there is no such evidence of indebtedness, by agreement.

15 U.S.C. 1602(f). The legislative history of TILSRA reflects that Congress sought to simplify the definition of "creditor". See S. Rep. No. 96-73, 1979 WL 10376 at *15 (1979) (TILSRA simplified definition of "creditor" to "eliminate confusion under the current act as to the responsibilities of assignees and 'arrangers of credit'").

When it enacted TILA, Congress "delegated expansive authority to the Federal Reserve Board to elaborate and expand the legal framework governing commerce in credit". Fairley, 65 F.3d at 479 (quoting Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin, 444 U.S. 555, 559-60 (1980)). To implement TILA, the FRB promulgated "Regulation Z", located at 12 C.F.R. 226. See id. Regulation Z defines a "creditor" as "[a] person (A) who regularly extends consumer credit ..., and (B) to whom the obligation is initially payable, either on the face of the note or contract, or by agreement when there is no note or contract". 12 C.F.R. 226.2(a)(17)(i). Regulation Z also contains an official FRB staff interpretation regarding the distinction between "creditors" and "assignees":

If an obligation is initially payable to one person, that person is the creditor even if the obligation by its terms is simultaneously assigned to another person. For example:

*An auto dealer and a bank have a business relationship in which the bank supplies the dealer with credit sale contracts that are initially made payable to the dealer and provide for immediate assignment of the obligation to the bank. The dealer and purchaser execute the contract only after the bank approves the creditworthiness of the purchaser. Because the obligation is initially payable on its face to the dealer, the dealer is the only creditor in the transaction. 12 C.F.R. pt. 226, supp. I, subpt. A, cmt. 2(a)(17)(i)(2) (emphasis added).

The district court concluded that Banner was not a TILA "creditor" for two reasons: it was not an extender of credit because, although its credit department investigates credit histories and prepares forms, it is ultimately GMAC or other entities to which Banner subsequently assigns a loan that actually make the loan and thereby extend the credit; and, according to the district court, the obligation was not initially payable to Banner. Accordingly, the court also found that Regulation Z was not applicable to Banner. See 12 C.F.R. 226.2(a)(17)(i) (defining creditor as one "to whom the obligation is initially payable"). In so deciding, the district court rejected the FRB staff interpretation of "creditor".

In Green v. Levis Motors, Inc., 179 F.3d 286, 287-88 (5th Cir. 1999), an automobile dealer executed a retail installment contract, which included TILA disclosures, and assigned the contract to Hancock Bank. (It is not clear whether the assignment was simultaneous.) The purchasers sued the dealer and Hancock. Without addressing the applicability of TILA to the dealer, our court treated it as a TILA "creditor" and held that it had committed TILA violations. Id. at 293-95. Hancock was treated as an assignee. Id. at 294-95.

In Green, our court did not explicitly address the issue before us. But, its disposition could only be reached by treating the automobile dealer as a TILA "creditor".³ See also Ellis v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 160 F.3d 703, 705-08 (11th Cir. 1998) (treating GMAC as assignee, even though contract was simultaneously assigned to it by automobile dealer); Taylor...