Rollins' Estate, In re

• Citation: 163 Cal.App.2d 225,328 P.2d 1005
• Court: California Court of Appeals
• Decision Date: 28 August 1958
• Parties: In the Matter of the ESTATE of Carrie Price ROLLINS, Deceased. Edmund G. BROWN, Attorney General of the State of California, Appellant, v. Eunice C. MOOBERRY, H. Price Webb, and Mary C. Moyes, Respondents. Civ. 17883.

Page 1005

328 P.2d 1005

163 Cal.App.2d 225

In the Matter of the ESTATE of Carrie Price ROLLINS, Deceased.

Edmund G. BROWN, Attorney General of the State of California, Appellant, v. Eunice C. MOOBERRY, H. Price Webb, and Mary C. Moyes, Respondents.

Civ. 17883.

District Court of Appeal, First District, Division 2, California.

Aug. 28, 1958.

Hearing Denied Oct. 22, 1958.

Edmund G. Brown, Atty. Gen., Clarence A. Linn, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellant.

Edwin B. Lucas, Van Nuys, for respondent Eunice C. Mooberry.

George W. Patterson, R. G. Wilkins, San Jose, for respondents Webb & Moyes.

DRAPER, Justice.

The only question on this appeal is the validity of the residuary clause of a holographic will which reads:

'The remainder to go some charitable institution, or research fund, or for a suitable memorial to my mother and father (no statute or monument).'

By decree determining heirship the probate court found this provision invalid, and ordered distribution of the residue of the estate under the laws of succession. The attorney general appeals. Decedent's will was executed more than 30 days, but less than 6 months, before her death. Since she is survived by a sister, nephews and nieces, it follows that not more than one- third of her estate can go to charity. Prob.Code, §§ 41, 43. Thus approximately $50,000 is in issue here.

The parties impliedly concede that this provision, lacking certainty in its denomination of legatees, can be sustained only under the rules applicable to charitable trusts. Such a trust may exist even though no trustee is named and no intent to create a trust is stated. Rest., Trusts, § 397(f); In re Estate of Faulkner, 128 Cal.App.2d 575, 275 P.2d 818; In re Estate of DeMars, 20 Cal.App.2d 514, 67 P.2d 374.

Respondents contend, however, that the residuary clause does not create a valid charitable trust because it fails to limit the bequest to wholly charitable purposes, and because it fails either to designate a class of charitable beneficiaries or to name someone to make such a selection.

The problem presented is essentially one of construction and, since no extrinsic evidence was introduced, is a question of law, upon which the independent judgment of this court is to be exercised. In re Estate of O'Brien, 74 Cal.App.2d 405, 407, 168 P.2d 432. In the construction of wills, that interpretation which will avoid intestacy is to be sought (Le Breton v. Cook, 107 Cal. 410, 416, 40 P. 552), and a residuary clause is always to receive 'a broad and liberal interpretation, with a view of preventing intestacy as to any portion of the estate' (O'Connor v. Murphy, 147 Cal. 148, 153, 81 P. 406, 408). Charitable bequests are favored and such a bequest will not be construed to be void, if it can possibly be made good. In re Estate of Tarrant, 38 Cal.2d 42, 46, 237 P.2d 505, 28 A.L.R.2d 419, and cases there cited.

To create a valid charitable trust, the bequest must limit the use of the fund to charitable purposes. If the language permits non-charitable, as well as charitable, uses the bequest cannot be held valid as a charitable trust. In re Estate of Sutro, 155 Cal. 727, 734, 102 P. 920; In re Estate of Hinckley, 58 Cal. 457; 10 Am.Jur., Charities, § 100; 10 Cal.Jur.2d Charities, 237-9. Determination of this question is, of course, a matter of construction of the language used by the testator. 115 A.L.R. 1124 et seq. The earlier decisions were somewhat quick to find the possibility of a non-charitable use. In re Estate of Sutro, supra, 155 Cal. 727, 102 P. 920; see also dicta in In re Estate of Hinckley, supra, 58 Cal. 457. The more recent cases, however, indicate a more liberal approach, and are less inclined to search minutely for the possibility of a non-charitable use. Indicative of this tendency is the history of the rule in New York. Our Supreme Court in Re Estate of Sutro, supra, 155 Cal. 727, 102 P. 920, cited and followed a decision of the Court of Appeals of New York (In re Shattuck's Will, 193 N.Y. 446, 86 N.E. 455) holding that a bequest in trust for 'religious, educational or eleemosynary institutions' to be chosen by the executor was invalid, because the bequest might go to a private educational institution conducted for profit. This decision has never been overruled, but it has been made clear that charitable bequests 'should not be read in an antagonistic spirit to disappoint the general intention of the will,' and that the rule of Shattuck should be 'strictly confined to its own facts.' In re Durbrow's Estate, 1927, 245 N.Y. 469, 157 N.E. 747; see also In re Frasch's Will, 1927, 245 N.Y. 174, 156 N.E. 656; In re Everson's Will, 1944, 268 App.Div. 425, 52 N.Y.S.2d 385; In re Hamilton's Estate, 185 Misc. 660, 57 N.Y.S.2d 359.

The later California decisions relied upon by respondents (In re Estate of Peabody, 21 Cal.App.2d 690, 70 P.2d 249; In re Estate of Kline, 138 Cal.App. 514, 32 P.2d 677, and In re Estate of Vance, 118 Cal.App. 163, 4 P.2d 977) have been grouped with the Shuttuck case with the comment that they do not 'manifest the favorable liberal construction which most courts give to attempted charities.' (2A Bogert on Trusts and Trustees 36-7.) In any case, the language of the trusts involved in those cases, as well as in Re Estate of Hinckley, supra, and In re Estate of Sutro, supra, differs substantially from that of the will here in issue. Thus the constructions there reached are not controlling here.

Decedent's will makes specific mention of all the heirs at law--those who would take the residue if the charitable bequest is invalid. Decedent's sole surviving sister is left $15,000, plus Oklahoma property. The will also leaves $500 each to four nieces and nephews, children of deceased sisters of decedent. There are two nephews to whom no cash bequest is made, but the will states 'All other possible heirs are able-bodied and wage earners,' and an intent to limit participation by all the heirs is shown by the sentence 'If any one contests this will I give any such person $5.00.'

In the light of this plan of testamentary disposition, and of the presumptions against intestacy and in favor of charitable bequests, there seems little doubt that the residuary clause is limited to charitable uses.

There can be no doubt that 'some charitable institution' denotes charitable use only. As to a 'research fund,' the rule seems clear that this also is a charitable use. 2A Bogert, supra, 119; In re Frasch's Will, supra, 245 N.Y. 174, 156 N.E. 656; see also In re Estate of Purington, 199 Cal. 661, 250 P. 657; In re Estate of Irwin, 196 Cal. 366, 237 P. 1074. The alternative provision for 'a suitable memorial to my mother and father' doubtless could be deemed to contemplate a non-charitable use (see In re Estate of Gay, ...