Sanders v. State, 07-KA-59392

• Decision Date: 11 September 1991
• Docket Number: No. 07-KA-59392,07-KA-59392
• Citation: 586 So.2d 792
• Parties: Jeffrey SANDERS v. STATE of Mississippi.
• Court: Mississippi Supreme Court

Page 792

586 So.2d 792

Jeffrey SANDERS v. STATE of Mississippi.

No. 07-KA-59392.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

Sept. 11, 1991.

Merrida P. Coxwell, Jr., Stanfield Carmody & Coxwell, Jackson, for appellant.

Mike C. Moore, Atty. Gen., Wayne Snuggs, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jackson, for appellee.

En Banc.

McRAE, Justice, for the Court:

This is an appeal from the Circuit Court of Hinds County, where a jury convicted the appellant, Jeffrey Sanders of the sexual battery of a 14 year-old girl. See Miss.Code Ann. Sec. 97-3-95 (Supp.1990). The evidence against Sanders consisted of the victim's testimony and the testimony of the authorities to whom she reported the incident. There was no physical evidence. We affirm.

Sanders appeals and alleges four errors in the trial below. He first contends that the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of the police officer and crossing guard to whom the victim reported the incident, because it was hearsay, and impermissible bolstering of the victim's testimony. Second, he contends the court erred in granting an instruction that stated that no force or violence was required for a guilty verdict. Sanders also claims that the instruction unduly focused on the fact that there was no tearing of the vagina. He next contends that the trial was fundamentally unfair because the victim testified about a separate and distinct crime, to wit: the selling of "hot tickets". Finally, Sanders claims that the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.

Statement of Facts

On November 15, 1986, the victim was selling peanuts at Memorial Stadium in Jackson. Sanders was at the stadium that day and, upon seeing the victim, told her that she was beautiful. On the following Saturday, she sold peanuts to Sanders at the stadium, after which he started to follow her and allegedly forced her into his car. She resisted unsuccessfully; he penetrated her with his finger and ejaculated on her. He let her go after she agreed not to tell her mother. She then ran across the street to a gas station bathroom. Several crossing guards were there and she told them what happened.

Later, the police took her to the hospital for tests. The doctors were unable to find any physical evidence of a sexual assault. There were no bruises or cuts to show a struggle, nor were her clothes torn. There was no seminal fluid on her body or clothes, nor was there any tearing of the vagina.

Grace Everett, one of the crossing guards, testified to what the victim told her shortly after the incident. The appellant objected, claiming that Everett's testimony was hearsay. The judge admitted the testimony, apparently under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. Everett repeated the important details of the victim's story. Everett also added that while the victim was telling her story she pointed to Sanders' car as it drove by. Everett radioed police in the area to stop the car. A few minutes later they brought the driver to the gas station where the victim identified him as the assailant. The police then took her to the police station.

Shirley Phillips-Williams, one of the police officers who brought the defendant back to the gas station, also testified. When the state tried to offer the contents of the statement the victim gave Officer Williams, the defendant objected again on hearsay grounds and that the testimony was an attempt to bolster the victim's testimony. The court overruled the objection and Officer Williams related the story that the victim told on the way to the precinct. ¹

Sanders testified he was at the stadium that day selling tickets to the football game. He testified further that while he was at the gas station putting gas in the car the victim asked him to buy some peanuts. Sanders knew her family and told her that he would buy $5.00 worth. He claimed then that he got in his car, left the area and, a few minutes later, the police pulled him over. He denied that the victim ever got in his car or that the incident ever took place.

I.

Hearsay Statements; the Pre-Rules Exceptions and the Federal Rules

As this case was tried after the adoption of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence, those rules apply rather than any of the pre-rules cases that created certain exceptions applicable to child sexual abuse cases. See Miss.R.Evid. 1103; Mitchell v. State, 539 So.2d 1366, 1369 (Miss.1989); Leatherwood v. State, 548 So.2d 389, 398 (Miss.1989).

When the crossing guard Everett testified, defense counsel objected to her testimony as hearsay. The state and defense counsel argued whether the testimony would be admissible under either the excited utterance or present sense impression exceptions to the hearsay rule. The judge did not explain his ruling admitting the evidence, but the basis of the decision was either Miss.R.Evid. 803(1) or (2), as none of the pre-rules cases were ever mentioned by the attorneys or the judge.

Later, Officer Williams testified and defense counsel interjected a hearsay objection to that testimony as well. This time the state cited the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule as well as the case of Cunningham v. State, 467 So.2d 902 (Miss.1986), one of the pre-rules cases. Again the judge did not explain the basis of his ruling admitting the evidence.

Regarding both witnesses' testimony, reversal would be required if the judge relied exclusively on pre-rule cases that were inconsistent with the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. ² See Hall v. State, 539 So.2d 1338 (Miss.1989); Leatherwood, 548 So.2d at 400; Mitchell, 539 So.2d at 1369. ³ Here, though, the judge did not rely on anything inconsistent with the Rules in determining the admissibility of the statements by Everett and Williams and therefore, no Leatherwood/ Mitchell problem exists.

So the question becomes whether the statements were admissible under the excited utterance exception. Sanders argued that Officer Williams questioned the victim and therefore her statement was not spontaneous. ⁴ The appellant describes these statements as the most blatant form of hearsay gathered by police officers and clothed with their status. While perhaps exaggerated, the appellant echoes a concern inherent in rule 803(2): that statements admitted under this exception be spontaneous and without the indication of manufacture. Certainly police questioning, especially questions that tend to suggest the answers, could raise serious concerns. However, under the excited utterance exception the fact that questions are asked, while relevant to spontaneity, does not ipso facto demonstrate a lack of spontaneity in every case. McCormick on Evidence, Sec. 297 at 857 (3d ed. 1984). Here it seems that the only questions asked of the victim was "what happened?" Further, the victim was still extremely upset from the incident.

Another facet of the spontaneity requirement is the amount of time that elapsed between the incident and the statement. In this case the appellant alleged that the statements of the victim testified to by Officer Williams were not made immediately after the incident, but, rather, were made on the way to the precinct. The exact amount of time that elapsed between the incident and the statements made on the way to and at the precinct is not clear from the record but in any event, the time lapse was relatively short and the victim was still extremely upset. This supports the state's argument that Officer Williams' testimony was admissible under Miss.R.Evid. 803(2). See McCormick Sec. 297 at 857 ("Testimony that the declarant still appeared 'nervous' or 'distraught' and that there was a reasonable basis for continuing emotional upset will often suffice").

Therefore, Everett's testimony was admissible under the excited utterance exception. The victim reported the incident to her only minutes after it occurred and, apparently, Everett was the first person she saw. Admittedly Williams' testimony included statements made more than a few minutes after the incident, but the other circumstances tend to indicate that they were also admissible under the excited utterance exception.

II.

Instructions

Sanders alleges that the court erred by granting the following instruction:

The Court instructs the jury that if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that Jeffrey Sanders engaged in sexual penetration with ... on November 22, 1986, it is not required that there be a showing of force or violence. Further, the Court instructs the jury that there is no requirement that there be lacerations or tearing of the vagina if you find that there was sexual penetration.

First, he argues that the instruction does not properly state the law. The statute proscribing sexual battery states that:

A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with:

(a) Another person without his or her consent; ...

Miss.Code Ann. Sec. 97-3-95 (Supp.1990).

The appellant urges this Court to interpret "without his or her consent" to mean that either force was used or the failure of the victim to resist resulted from a reasonable apprehension that he or she would be greatly injured or killed for resisting. Further he argues that force or violence are elements that a jury could consider in determining whether the victim consented to the act. Undoubtedly the later is true but that doesn't mean that force or reasonable apprehension of force are necessary elements of the crime. Generally, an instruction is sufficient when it follows the language of the pertinent statute. Crenshaw v. State, 520 So.2d 131 (Miss.1988). Incidentally, the victim did testify that Sanders used force in perpetrating the act. The appellant's only complaint is that there was no physical evidence of force to corroborate her version of the facts.

The appellant also complains that the instruction singles out one factual element and is an improper comment on a portion of the testimony. One part of the instruction states "[f]urther, the Court instructs the jury that...