Simmons v. Oce-USA, Inc.

• Decision Date: 13 April 1999
• Docket Number: OCE-US,No. 98-2836,INC,98-2836
• Citation: 174 F.3d 913
• Parties: Wayne Ronald SIMMONS, Appellant, v., Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 913

174 F.3d 913

Wayne Ronald SIMMONS, Appellant, v. OCE-USA, INC., Appellee.

No. 98-2836.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Feb. 9, 1999.

Decided April 13, 1999.

Kathryn S. Render, Clayton, MO, argued, for Appellant.

Patrick W. Ritchey, Pittsburgh, PA, argued (Stacy L. Duggan, Pittsburgh, PA, and Michael P. Burke, St. Louis, MO, on the brief), for Appellee.

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Wayne Ronald Simmons appeals the district court's ¹ entry of summary judgment in favor of Oce-USA, Inc. (Oce) in this employment discrimination case. We affirm.

I.

Simmons, an African-American, began servicing "high-end" copiers for the Bruning Division of AM International, Inc. in 1990. The Bruning Division was purchased by Oce in 1991.

To assess its employees, Oce uses a performance-based evaluation system under which employees are rated on their ability to reach national performance targets. Simmons received satisfactory performance ratings and steady pay increases and experienced no significant employment problems until 1994, when John Curless became his supervisor. As detailed in the district court's thorough, exhaustive memorandum opinion, the performance appraisals completed by Curless ranked Simmons's job performance as being below target levels from 1994 until his termination in 1997.

During this period, Curless made derogatory comments directed toward Simmons. On at least one occasion in 1995 Curless repeated in Simmons's presence a joke told by the black comedian/actor Richard Pryor regarding the sex organs of male African-Americans. At a luncheon with Simmons and a third employee in February of 1995, Curless referred to Simmons as "Buckwheat."

Simmons filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in March 1995. The EEOC issued a right to sue letter on January 24, 1997. Simmons filed suit against Oce on February 11, 1997, alleging racial discrimination in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2000e-17. Simmons was terminated on June 26, 1997.

II.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard that is applied by the district court. See Hossaini v. Western Mo. Med. Ctr., 140 F.3d 1140, 1142 (8th Cir.1998).

Simmons claims that his decreasing performance was due to racial bias on Curless's part, evidenced by Curless's racial comments and his subjectiveness in completing the performance appraisal forms.

Simmons first argues that Curless's telling of the Richard Pryor joke and his use of the term "Buckwheat" are direct evidence of unlawful race discrimination. See Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 272-73, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989) (O'Connor, J., concurring). We disagree. To present direct evidence of discrimination, Simmons must establish that evidence of "conduct or statements by persons involved in the decisionmaking process ... may be viewed as directly reflecting the alleged discriminatory attitude ... sufficient to permit the factfinder to find that that attitude was more likely than not a motivating factor in the employer's decision." Browning v. President Riverboat Casino-Missouri, Inc., 139 F.3d 631, 634 (8th Cir.1998) (internal quotations omitted). "Not all comments that may reflect a discriminatory attitude are sufficiently related to the adverse employment action in question to support such an inference." Walton v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 167 F.3d 423, 426 (8th Cir.1999). Stray remarks made in the workplace are not sufficient to establish a claim of discrimination. See Beshears v. Asbill, 930 F.2d 1348, 1354 (8th Cir.1991) (quoting Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 277).

The term "Buckwheat" is a racial slur when it is directed towards a black employee in the context of an employment relationship. See Boyd v. State Farm Ins Cos., 158 F.3d 326, 329 (5th Cir.1998), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 119 S.Ct. 1357, --- L.Ed.2d ----. Likewise, the repeating by a white person of a joke referring to African-American male genitalia could well be considered to be racially offensive. However offensive, Curless's one-time use of the term "Buckwheat" and his one-time repeating of the Richard Pryor joke both occurred in 1995, some two years prior to the decision to terminate Simmons. ² Because the statements and the adverse employment decision were not close in time, Simmons must establish a causal link between the comments and his termination. See Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 63 F.3d 771, 779 (8th Cir.1995).

Simmons has not presented any such evidence. Absent a causal link between the racial comments and the adverse employment decision, Curless's derogatory language is best classified as "statement[s] by [a] decisionmaker[ ] unrelated to the decisional process." Rivers-Frison v. Southeast Mo. Community Treatment Ctr., 133 F.3d 616, 619 (8th Cir.1998) (quoting Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 277).

Alternatively, Simmons argues that he has presented circumstantial evidence adequate to make a submissible case of racial discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Assuming that Simmons presented a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas, Oce's presentation of comprehensive performance ratings articulated a non-discriminatory reason for terminating Simmons, leaving us with the question whether Simmons presented sufficient evidence of pretext to survive summary judgment. See Hutson, 63 F.3d at 777.

Stray remarks "that are remote in time do not support a finding of pretext for intentional [race] discrimination." Walton, 167 F.3d at 428; accord Hutson, 63 F.3d at 778-79...