Smith v. Smith

• Decision Date: 31 July 2003
• Docket Number: No. 13-02-243-CV.,13-02-243-CV.
• Citation: 112 S.W.3d 275
• Parties: Carol Sylvia SMITH, Appellant, v. Farrell M. SMITH, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

112 S.W.3d 275

Carol Sylvia SMITH, Appellant, v. Farrell M. SMITH, Appellee.

No. 13-02-243-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Corpus Christi-Edinburg.

July 31, 2003.

Rehearing Overruled August 28, 2003.

William G. Burnett, Sinton, for Appellant.

Farrell M. Smith, Corpus Christi, Nathan A. East, Portland, for Appellee.

Before Chief Justice VALDEZ and Justices RODRIGUEZ and MAURICE AMIDEI.¹

OPINION

Opinion by Justice RODRIGUEZ.

This is a trespass to try title and breach of contract case filed by Carol S. Smith, appellant, against her brother, Farrell M. Smith, appellee. On appeal, appellant generally contends the trial court erred in concluding her breach of contract claim was defeated by substantial performance and by estoppel.² We affirm.

I. Background

The parties' father, Farrell D. Smith, left a will devising property to his wife, Mavis V. Smith. Appellee contested his father's will. On April 1, 1996, appellee and his mother entered into a settlement agreement concerning the will contest. The settlement agreement provided for the division of a 268 acre tract of land along the Nueces River in San Patricio County, Texas. The agreement provided Mavis would deed a 150 acre tract from this land to appellee if he built a fence on the common boundary separating the 150 acre tract of land from the remaining acreage. It further obligated appellee to execute all documents to effectuate a settlement of all remaining legal disputes, and to pay for the survey of the property. The agreement also provided for a $200.00 per day penalty for its breach.

Mavis was represented by attorney Charles Cromwell who hired a surveyor, Julius Petrus. Cromwell conferred with Petrus on several occasions, and, on at least one occasion, met with him on the property for the purpose of establishing the common boundary. Cromwell also instructed Petrus to relocate the boundary line so city water wells would be excluded from appellee's tract.

Once the common boundary was established, appellee completed a fence on that boundary, a fence that exceeded the specifications contained in the settlement agreement with reference to structural integrity. Cromwell inspected the fence and requested a gate be removed. Appellee complied with Cromwell's request. On November 4, 1996, appellee and Mavis confirmed their settlement agreement, the will contest was dismissed, and Mavis executed a deed for the 150 acres to appellee. Subsequently, Mavis died and appellant received the remainder of the 268 acre tract of land from Mavis's estate.³

Appellant surveyed the land and found the fence was not on the common boundary line. The fence incorporated roughly 13.20 acres of her land into that deeded to appellee.⁴ Appellant made a written demand on appellee to vacate the land, and later sued him to recover the 13.20 acres, attorney's fees, and damages in the amount of $200.00 a day for breach of the settlement agreement.

After a trial to the bench, the trial court entered judgment in favor of appellant, awarding her title to and possession of the 13.20 acres. The court also awarded her $10,000.00 in attorney's fees. The trial court concluded, however, that appellee had substantially performed his contractual obligations and appellant was estopped from asserting breach of contract claims. This appeal ensued to recover damages for the alleged breach of contract.

II. Substantial Performance

By her second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in ruling that the breach of contract claim was defeated by the defensive theory of substantial performance.

A. The Law

Typically, substantial performance allows a party to bring a contract action to recover the full performance price, less the cost of remedying those defects that can be fixed.⁵ See, e.g., Vance v. My Apartment Steak House, Inc., 677 S.W.2d 480, 482-83 (Tex.1984); Uhlir v. Golden Triangle Dev. Corp., 763 S.W.2d 512, 514 (Tex. App-Fort Worth 1988, writ denied). However, substantial performance can be used, as in this case, as a defense to a breach of contract claim. See Avnsoe v. Square 67 Dev. Corp., 521 S.W.2d 874, 874-75 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1975, no pet.) (substantial performance as defense); Cotherman v. Oriental Oil Co., 272 S.W. 616, 618 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1925, no writ) (same); see also Kuehnhoefer v. Welch, 893 S.W.2d 689, 692 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1995, writ denied) (if damages requested, fraud is cause of action; if damages not requested, fraud is affirmative defense); Adams v. Tri-Continental Leasing Corp., 713 S.W.2d 152, 153 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1986, no writ) (same).

In determining substantial performance, there must be no wilful departure from the terms of the contract and no omission of essential points of the project. Cotherman, 272 S.W. at 619; see Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co. v. Fantham, 210 S.W.2d 646, 650 (Tex.Civ.App.-Galveston 1948, no writ). The party seeking relief under the doctrine bears the burden of proving that he did substantially perform in accordance with the agreement. See Patel v. Ambassador Drycleaning & Laundry Co., Inc., 86 S.W.3d 304, 307 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2002, no pet.) (citing Vance, 677 S.W.2d at 483).

B. Substantial Performance, a Finding of Fact

The trial court set out, as a conclusion of law, that appellant substantially performed his contractual obligations. Regardless of the label, however, conclusions which are actually findings will be treated as findings. Id. at 308 (citing Ray v. Farmers' State Bank of Hart, 576 S.W.2d 607, 608 n. 1 (Tex.1979)). Whether a contractor substantially complies with a building contract is generally a question of fact. See, e.g., Sommers v. Stout, 44 S.W.2d 901, 901 (Tex. Comm'n App.1932, holdings approved) (whether contractor erected improvements in substantial compliance with contract is question of fact); W.A. Steed, Inc. v. Tex. Power & Light Co., 527 S.W.2d 851, passim (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1975, no writ) (jury finding that party did not substantially comply with contract judged by standard of contrary-to-weight-and-preponderance-of-evidence); Croft v. H.M. Cohen Lumber & Bldg. Co., 107 S.W.2d 1040, 1041 (Tex.Civ.App.-Galveston 1937, writ dism'd w.o.j.) (question whether party had substantially complied with building contract presented to jury); Richardson v. Herbert, 135 S.W. 628, 631 (Tex.Civ.App. 1911, writ dism'd) (question of performance of building contract, involving substantial compliance, is one of fact for jury). We also conclude the trial court's determination of substantial performance in this case, where it was used as a defense, is a finding of fact and will be treated as such on appeal. See Patel, 86 S.W.3d at 308.

C. Standard of Review

While findings of fact have the same force and dignity as a jury's verdict upon jury questions, Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.1994); Taiwan Shrimp Farm Vill. Ass'n v. U.S.A. Shrimp Farm Dev., Inc., 915 S.W.2d 61, 70 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1996, writ denied), they are not conclusive when a complete reporter's record appears in the record, as in this case. Tucker v. Tucker, 908 S.W.2d 530, 532 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, writ denied). When challenged, such trial court's findings of fact are reviewed for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence by the same standards applied when reviewing evidence supporting jury findings. Catalina, 881 S.W.2d at 297; Taiwan Shrimp Farm Vill., 915 S.W.2d at 70.

In reviewing a no evidence challenge, where the complaining party did not bear the burden of proof at trial, we consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the challenged finding, disregarding all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 19 (Tex.2002); Hickey v. Couchman, 797 S.W.2d 103, 109 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1990, writ denied). If more than a scintilla of evidence exists to support the finding, the no evidence challenge fails. Formosa Plastics Corp. U.S.A. v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998).

D. Contentions

1. Waiver

Appellant argues that appellee waived substantial performance as a counterclaim because appellee failed to plead it or try it by implied consent. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 67 (issues not raised by pleading but tried by express or implied consent are treated as if raised in pleadings); Garcia v. Kastner Farms, Inc., 789 S.W.2d 656, 661 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1990, no writ) (Garcia could not succeed on contract claim because it was based on his allegations of full performance, not substantial performance). We agree that appellee did not plead substantial performance as a counterclaim. Moreover, he did not request damages on the basis of substantial performance, thus, he did not try, by implied consent, a counterclaim for substantial performance. See Kuehnhoefer, 893 S.W.2d at 692 (when defendant alleges fraud and asks for damages, fraud is a counterclaim).

However, as set out above, without requesting damages, substantial performance can be raised as an affirmative defense. See id. Appellant does not raise the argument that appellee failed to plead substantial performance as a defense or that it was not tried by implied consent as a defense. Moreover, even if we were to conclude this contention has been raised on appeal, the authority⁶ and record cites⁷ upon which appellant relies address only appellee's alleged failure to plead substantial performance as a counterclaim. Thus, in accordance with rule 38.1(h) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, this argument has been inadequately briefed. Tex. R.App. P. 38.1(h) (we only consider contentions that are supported by clear and concise arguments with appropriate citations to authorities and references to the record).

2. Evidence of Substantial Performance

The record establishes that appellee satisfied certain terms of the settlement agreement by executing all documents to effectuate a settlement of all legal disputes between his mother and himself, and paying for the cost of the survey and fifty-six...