Smithson v. State

• Decision Date: 15 November 1968
• Docket Number: No. 1,1
• Citation: 5 Md.App. 378,247 A.2d 542
• Parties: Robert Lee SMITHSON v. STATE of Maryland.
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 378

5 Md.App. 378

247 A.2d 542

Robert Lee SMITHSON v. STATE of Maryland.

No. 1.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

Nov. 15, 1968.

Earl E. Manages, Cumberland, for appellant.

Thomas N. Biddison, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom were Francis B. Burch, Atty. Gen., Donald W. Mason and Paul J. Stakem, State's Atty. and Asst. State's Atty., for Allegany County, respectively, on brief, for appellee.

Before MURPHY, C. J., and ANDERSON, MORTON, ORTH, and THOMPSON, JJ.

THOMPSON, Judge.

Robert Lee Smithson, the appellant, was convicted of armed robbery by a jury in the Circuit Court for Allegany County. He was sentenced to a term of ten years to run concurrently with a sentence of ten years for larceny of an automobile. He was tried jointly with John Davis Lease and John Leroy Beeman. Prior to the trial, the defendant moved for a separate trial in accordance with Maryland Rule 735 which the trial judge denied. Although none of the three defendants testified, the confession of John Davis Lease was introduced into evidence, implicating Smithson in the larceny of an automobile soon after the crime of robbery had been committed. The statement was relevant to the present conviction only in that it placed the three defendants together near the scene of the robbery at or about the time that crime was committed. In accordance with the Supreme Court ruling in Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232, 77 S.Ct. 294, 1 L.Ed.2d 278, the trial court issued a precautionary instruction to the jury stating that Lease's confession could be considered only in the determination of his guilt and not that of the two co-defendants.

Subsequent to the trial of this case below the Supreme Court of the United States in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476, overruled Delli Paolia, supra, and it held that in a joint trial the introduction of an extrajudicial statement of one co-defendant implicating another violates the right of the other to have the witnesses confront him as secured by the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, quoting Pointer v. State of Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923, that the "major reason underlying the constitutional confrontation rule is to give a defendant charged with crime an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses against him". The Court specifically ruled that the precautionary instruction approved in Delli Paoli, supra would not cure the constitutional error. ¹

In a subsequent case Roberts v. Russell, 392 U.S. 293, 88 S.Ct. 1921, 20 L.Ed.2d 1100 the Court pointed out that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment had been made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, and it held that Bruton, supra, was completely retroactive.

The State attempts to distinguish Bruton, supra by the argument that since Smithson endorsed the confession of Lease with a statement he concurred therein. Bruton, supra would not be applicable. We do not think that this fact overcomes the basic objection that the accused in this appeal was convicted in part by a witness who did not testify and who was never subjected to cross examination. We do not think the police officers can be permitted to avoid the effect of Bruton by the simple expedient of having each accused concur in what the other admitted.

In effect the State's argument is that on this factual situation we can apply Chapman v. State of California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 and declare our belief beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless. That opinion, however, indicated that some constitutional rights were so basic to a fair trial that their infraction can never be treated as harmless error. In footnote 8 the Court in Chapman supra referred to three of these rights as follows:

8 'See, e. g., Payne v. State of Arkansas, 356 U.S. 560, 78 S.Ct. 844, 2 L.Ed.2d 975 (coerced confession); Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, 93 A.L.R.2d 733 (right to counsel); Tumey v. State of Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 47 S.Ct. 437, 71 L.Ed. 749 (50 A.L.R. 1243) (impartial judge).'

These cases have been held to be completely retroactive. See discussions in Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601, Johnson v. State of New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 16 L.Ed.2d 822. When the Court in Roberts v. Russell, supra, held Bruton, supra to be in the same category, we think it may also have held that the harmless error rule was not applicable when a confession or statement of a co-defendant which implicates the other, was introduced at a joint trial. This indication is buttressed in the Bruton opinion ² when it compares the principle of Bruton to the principle of Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 1780, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, in which case the Court said:

'It is now axiomatic that a defendant in a criminal case is deprived of due process of law if his conviction is founded, in whole or in part upon an involuntary confession, without regard for the truth or falsity of the confession, Rogers v. Richmond, 365 U.S. 534, 81 S.Ct. 735, 5 L.Ed.2d 760, and even though there is ample evidence aside from the confession to support the conviction.'

While the rule may well be as we have stated that some constitutional errors can never be harmless we do not base our decision to reverse on such a rigid rule. The Court in Chapman stated that it was restating the harmless error rule it had applied in Fahy v. State of Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 84 S.Ct. 229, at 230, 11 L.Ed.2d 171, wherein the court stated:

'We are not concerned here with whether there was sufficient evidence on which the petitioner could have been convicted without the evidence complained of. The question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction.'

When the co-defendant's out of court statement placed Smithson near the scene of the crime, at or about the time the crime was committed it is difficult for us to find beyond a reasonable doubt that this evidence did not in any way contribute to the conviction, even though there was other ample evidence to support the conviction. ³

Smithson raises three other points which require little discussion. He contends it was error to admit his confession of a different crime, but it is a familiar principle that evidence of other crimes can be admitted when the evidence serves to identify the accused with the crime charged. Thomas v. State, 3 Md.App. 708, 240 A.2d 646. He contends that it was an error to admit into evidence a Norelco razor found in a suitcase at the time of his legal arrest....