Spaine v. Cmty. Contacts, Inc.

• Decision Date: 24 June 2014
• Docket Number: No. 13–3059.,13–3059.
• Citation: 756 F.3d 542
• Parties: Anne M. SPAINE, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. COMMUNITY CONTACTS, INC., Defendant–Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

756 F.3d 542

Anne M. SPAINE, Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.COMMUNITY CONTACTS, INC., Defendant–Appellee.

No. 13–3059.

United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.

Submitted April 17, 2014.^*

Decided June 24, 2014.

Anne M. Spaine, Naperville, IL, pro se.

Katherine Ann Rodosky, Attorney, Christopher Timothy Buckley, Attorney, Schueler, Dallavo & Casieri, Chicago, IL, for Defendant–Appellee.

Before FLAUM, WILLIAMS, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge.

This appeal presents a recurring issue that can arise when a debtor files for bankruptcy protection without disclosing a contingent claim, such as an employment discrimination lawsuit, and later seeks to correct the failure to disclose the claim. In this case, the defendant-employer moved for summary judgment. It argued that the plaintiff should be judicially estopped from pursuing her employment discrimination case because she had failed to list it in the schedules of her bankruptcy petition. The plaintiff then sought and obtained leave to reopen her bankruptcy case to amend her disclosures to include the employment discrimination claim. The district court granted the employer's motion, finding that the plaintiff had intended to conceal the claim and tried to correct her failure only after her omission had been caught.

If the facts were as described by the district court, we would affirm. But the district court's decision did not account for the plaintiff's testimony that she orally disclosed the employment discrimination claim to the bankruptcy court long before the employer filed its motion for summary judgment in this case. In light of this evidence, plaintiff's intent is genuinely in dispute. We reverse the grant of summary judgment.

I. Facts for Purposes of Summary Judgment

As required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), we set forth the facts by examining the evidence in the light reasonably most favorable to the non-moving party, giving her the benefit of reasonable, favorable inferences and resolving conflicts in the evidence in her favor. E.g., Perez v. Thorntons, Inc., 731 F.3d 699, 703 (7th Cir.2013). Plaintiff Anne Spaine worked for defendant Community Contacts as a seasonal employee from 2008 until 2011. She helped low-income and disabled persons register for state and federal housing assistance.

Throughout her employment, Spaine alleges, she was harassed and unfairly disciplined because of her race. She alleges she was told when her seasonal employment ended in 2011 that instead of being reinstated automatically as in past years, she would have to reapply for employment the next year. Spaine interpreted this to mean she had been fired. In July 2012, Spaine filed this suit against Community Contacts under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 alleging that she was harassed and eventually fired because she is African American.

Spaine had previously filed for bankruptcy protection in 2010, but that petition had been dismissed without a discharge of debts because Spaine had failed to pay the filing fee. In November 2012, four months after filing her complaint against Community Contacts, Spaine filed a new petition for protection under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy code. Spaine was represented by counsel in this action against Community Contacts, but she was proceeding without a lawyer in the bankruptcy case.

On her schedule of personal property for the 2012 bankruptcy case, Spaine was required to list “contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature.” She listed nothing. In the separate 2012 statement of financial affairs, Spaine was required to list lawsuits to which she was party within the preceding year. She listed two eviction suits that came after her 2010 bankruptcy but did not list her suit against Community Contacts. Spaine filed those schedules with the bankruptcy court on November 5, 2012. The meeting of creditors was held about five weeks later. See 11 U.S.C. § 341.

Spaine's affidavit in opposition to Community Contacts' motion for summary judgment stated: “During the course of the 2012 (re-filed) Chapter 7 Bankruptcy filing, I discussed with [Bankruptcy] Judge Black the fact that I had a pending Civil claim as to Community Contacts, Inc.” Her affidavit also said (a) that she did not hide this pending claim from the bankruptcy court or the bankruptcy trustee, and (b) that she was not told by the bankruptcy court of any need to amend her schedules listing assets.

Complicating the factual picture, Spaine has included in her appellate appendix a partial transcript of the meeting of creditors on December 12, 2012. The transcript shows that Spaine told the bankruptcy trustee about her lawsuit against Community Contacts, and that she did so at the very first opportunity after filing her incomplete Chapter 7 schedules of assets with the petition itself. Community Contacts urges us to disregard this transcript because it was not part of the record before the district court.

The status of this transcript is troublesome. On one hand, we have said that we may take judicial notice of publicly available records of court proceedings, see Scherr v. Marriott Int'l, Inc., 703 F.3d 1069, 1073 (7th Cir.2013); United States v. Hope, 906 F.2d 254, 260 n. 1 (7th Cir.1990), including even records unavailable or not presented to the district court at summary judgment, see Northfield Ins. Co. v. City of Waukegan, 701 F.3d 1124, 1128 n. 2 (7th Cir.2012); Driebel v. City of Milwaukee, 298 F.3d 622, 630 n. 2 (7th Cir.2002). On the other hand, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c)(1)(A) requires a party seeking or opposing summary judgment to cite “particular parts of materials in the record,” and we have held that deposition transcripts filed in a separate civil action are not made part of the record in a different case merely because they can be accessed easily using modern electronic dockets. Alexander v. Casino Queen, Inc., 739 F.3d 972, 978–79 (7th Cir.2014).

Further, and as a general rule of course, we should reverse a district court's decision on the basis of evidence or arguments not presented to the district court only in highly unusual and compelling circumstances. See, e.g., Economy Folding Box Corp. v. Anchor Frozen Foods Corp., 515 F.3d 718, 720–21 (7th Cir.2008) (“it is axiomatic that an issue not first presented to the district court may not be raised before the appellate court as a ground for reversal,” but noting limited exceptions for jurisdictional questions and exceptional cases where “justice demands more flexibility”); Boyers v. Texaco Refining and Marketing, Inc., 848 F.2d 809, 812 (7th Cir.1988) (noting that requirement “maintains the efficiency, fairness, and integrity of the judicial system for all parties”); Green v. Warden, 699 F.2d 364, 369 (7th Cir.1983) (noting general rule but issuing injunction against further frivolous litigation by taking judicial notice of other federal court records); see also, e.g., Perry v. City of Chicago, 733 F.3d 248, 253–54 (7th Cir.2013) (declining to find “plain error” in civil case); Jimenez v. City of Chicago, 732 F.3d 710, 720 (7th Cir.2013) (same); Stringel v. Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., 89 F.3d 415, 421 (7th Cir.1996) (same).

In this case, the transcript seems to clarify and perhaps to correct Spaine's affidavit. Perhaps she told the trustee instead of the bankruptcy judge; perhaps she told both. Ultimately, though, we do not rely on the transcript in this appeal. As we explain below, Spaine's affidavit saying that she told the court about the claim against Community Contacts and was never told of any need to correct or amend her bankruptcy schedules is sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. The transcript will be available for use as evidence on remand.

In any event, after the creditors meeting the trustee concluded that Spaine's bankruptcy was a “no asset” case, and on February 12, 2013, she received a general discharge of her unsecured debts. Soon after that discharge, the bankruptcy trustee wrote to Spaine's lawyer in this case about this claim against Community Contacts and its possible value as an asset. The two then spoke, and the trustee said he was not reopening the bankruptcy case or making any claim for any assets that might result from the case. He told Spaine's lawyer he did not need to report further on the matter.

On March 21, 2013, Spaine wrote the trustee, with a copy to the bankruptcy judge, asking the trustee to classify her claims against Community Contacts as exempt property and asserting that she would need any potential recovery for living expenses. See 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(11)(E). In her letter, Spaine expressed the mistaken view that she had a constitutional right to discharge of her debts without “sacrificing” compensation for her wrongful termination.

On May 3, 2013, Community Contacts moved for summary judgment. The motion did not contest the suit on the merits but argued only that Spaine either lacked standing or should be judicially estopped from pursuing her claims of employment discrimination because she had concealed those claims from the bankruptcy court. About two weeks after Community Contacts filed its motion, Spaine asked the bankruptcy court to reopen her bankruptcy case so that she could amend her list of assets to add her claims against Community Contacts. The bankruptcy court allowed the amendment.

II. Standing/Real Party in Interest

Community Contacts argued in the district court that Spaine lacked standing to assert her claims because they had become the property of her bankruptcy estate. Such issues are addressed sometimes in terms of standing, sometimes in terms of the real party in interest, and sometimes in terms of both. See, e.g., Biesek v. Soo Line R. Co., 440 F.3d 410, 413 (7th Cir.2006) (standing); In re Perkins, 902 F.2d 1254, 1258 (7th Cir.1990) (both); see also Weissman v. Weener, 12 F.3d 84, 86 (7th Cir.1993) (noting close relationship and distinctions between standing and real-party-in-interest doctrines)...