Stablier v. City of Baton Rouge

• Decision Date: 10 November 1980
• Docket Number: No. 13236,13236
• Citation: 393 So.2d 148
• Parties: Joseph STABLIER et ux v. CITY OF BATON ROUGE and Parish of East Baton Rouge.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

Page 148

393 So.2d 148

Joseph STABLIER et ux v. CITY OF BATON ROUGE and Parish of East Baton Rouge.

No. 13236.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.

Nov. 10, 1980.

On Rehearing Jan. 26, 1981.

Gary L. Keyser, Baton Rouge, for plaintiff-appellee, Joseph Stablier et ux.

Frank J. Gremillion, Baton Rouge, for defendant-appellant, City of Baton Rouge and Parish of East Baton Rouge.

Before ELLIS, COVINGTON, LOTTINGER, CHIASSON, EDWARDS, PONDER, LEAR, COLE and WATKINS, JJ.

EDWARDS, Judge.

Plaintiffs, Joseph and Dorothy Stablier, brought suit against the City of Baton Rouge and Parish of East Baton Rouge seeking damages for injuries suffered by Mrs. Stablier when the ground in her yard suddenly collapsed beneath the lawn mower on which she was riding, throwing her off the mower and injuring her back. The collapse occurred under the grass located between the public sidewalk and street and was caused by a leak in the storm drain pipe underground which allowed dirt to be eroded and absorbed into the pipe and an underground chasm to be formed. Evidence at trial showed that the storm pipe facilities were in the possession of and under the control of the City-Parish.

The trial court found that while the hole into which Mrs. Stablier fell had not existed prior to the accident, nevertheless the City-Parish was liable since it had constructive notice of the defective drain pipe and should have conducted a continuous inspection plan.

Judgment was awarded to Mrs. Stablier in the amount of $5,000. Mr. Stablier was awarded $1,370.78 for medical expenses. Expert witness fees and interest were taxed against the defendants. From that judgment the City-Parish appeals.

The City-Parish bases its appeal on the ground that defendants had no notice of the defective storm pipe, whether actual or constructive.

Jones v. City of Baton Rouge, La., 388 So.2d 737 (1980), held that LSA-C.C. Art. 2317 ¹ applies to public bodies. Knowledge or notice of the existence of the defective storm pipe is, therefore, irrelevant.

The storm drain pipe was in defendants' custody. That there was a leak and that a hidden chasm formed which resulted in Mrs. Stablier's injuries is proof that the drain was defective. Marquez v. City Stores Company, 371 So.2d 810 (1979). The risk of falling into a hole while riding on presumably solid ground is clearly unreasonable. With these elements established, the City-Parish can only escape liability by showing that Mrs. Stablier's injuries were caused by her own fault, the fault of a third person, or by an irresistible force. Loescher v. Parr, 324 So.2d 441 (1975). Because none of these defenses were proved, the City-Parish was properly found liable.

Under Loescher, a plaintiff had relatively few problems in proving that the thing causing damage was in defendant's custody and that plaintiff was, in fact, harmed by the thing. Plaintiff's real difficulty came in proving that the thing causing harm was defective. Marquez appears to have removed that difficulty and to have paved the yellow brick road to judgment.

In Marquez, the Supreme Court stated:

"The fact that this escalator caught this child's shoe is an unusual occurrence in itself which would not have happened had this escalator not been defective..... If this escalator were safe for small children with small feet, then James' shoe could not have been caught in this opening."

This line of reasoning virtually equates "unusual occurrence" with the presence of a defect.

We find this logic strained, at best. ² It is a far-reaching decision, even further tipping the scales in favor of plaintiffs and approaching absolute liability as a practical matter. Nevertheless, we feel bound to follow the reasoning. At least in the present case, we are confident that the City-Parish was truly at fault, even without the tortured analysis of Marquez.

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court judgment is affirmed. All costs, both trial and appellate, are to be paid by the City of Baton Rouge and the Parish of East Baton Rouge.

AFFIRMED.

LEAR, J., dissents and assigns reasons.

LEAR, Judge, dissenting.

This court has, apparently with some reluctance, followed Loescher v. Parr, Marquez v. City Stores Company, and Jones v. City of Baton Rouge (supra). I respectfully contend that the court has erred in its interpretation of these cases.

In Loescher, plaintiff's automobile was destroyed when defendant's tree fell across it. The Louisiana Supreme Court, accepting the factual holding that the tree was internally diseased and that the owner could not reasonably realize its defective condition, held defendant liable on the basis of C.C. art. 2317 which states as follows:

"C.C. Art. 2317.

"We are responsible, not only for the damage occasioned by our own act, but for that which is caused by the act of persons for whom we are answerable, or of the things we have in our custody. This, however, is to be understood with the following modifications."

The court further notes:

"We have previously adopted the concept of legal fault without personal negligence of a parent for the deficient act of his child (art. 2318), of an employer for the deficient act of his employee (art. 2320), of an owner for the damage caused through the deficient act of his animal (art. 2321) and of an owner for the damage caused by the defect of his building. (art. 2322)."

It was, therefore, only a short step to say that "Article 2317 embodies the concept of the legal fault of the guardian of a thing for the damage caused by the defect of (the) thing." Thereafter came the case of Gallien v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 353 So.2d 1127 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1977), writ refused February 17, 1978. In Gallien, plaintiff was injured when a manhole cover over a catch basin collapsed as she stepped on it. The court held that defendant who was custodian of the allegedly defective cover, was not liable, in absence of a showing of knowledge, actual or constructive, of the alleged defective cover. In distinguishing Gallien from Loescher, the court noted that the Supreme Court made no mention of the well established rule of law of actual or constructive notice being a prerequisite of tort liability where public bodies are concerned. The court was of the opinion that had the Supreme Court intended that Loescher be applicable in suits against public bodies, overruling the line of jurisprudence requiring actual or constructive notice, it could have done so in United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co. v. State of La., Dept. of Hwys., 339 So.2d 780 (La.1976), wherein it was observed, "Our finding of negligence and liability under La.C.C. art. 2315 makes it unnecessary for us to consider the applicability of La.C.C. art. 2317 as applied in our decision in Loescher v. Parr.''

In the case of The American Road Ins. Co. v. Montgomery, 354 So.2d 656 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1977), plaintiff was injured as a result of a defective traffic light. The court citing Loescher v. Parr and U.S.F. and G. Co. v. St. Dept. of Hwys., held that the doctrine of strict liability as expressed in Loescher v. Parr was applicable. Writs were refused, 356 So.2d 430 (March 1978); 356 So.2d 435 (March 27, 1978). Later, in Durbin v. City of Baton Rouge, 366 So.2d 1020 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1978), the doctrine of strict liability was applied to a governmental agency when a tree limb fell on plaintiff's car. Defendant did not apply for writs. In Hebert v. Town of Ville Platte, 373 So.2d 229 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1979), suit was brought against the defendant for injuries sustained by plaintiff when a manhole cover became lodged in the undercarriage of plaintiff's automobile. The court applied the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, finding that the most plausible explanation for the accident was the lack of due care or the omission of some duty on the part of defendant's employees who were charged with the duty of inspecting and maintaining the manhole cover properly positioned on the frame. Therefore, the court did not consider the effect of La.C.C. art. 2317 as explained in Loescher v. Parr. In a concurring opinion one judge was of the opinion Loescher v. Parr was applicable on the basis of C.C. art. 2317. Thereafter, in Joffrion v. Allstate Ins. Co., 374 So.2d 694 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1979), involving a traffic light malfunction the court again applied strict liability.

The articles establishing delictual responsibility in Louisiana are La.C.C. arts. 2315-2322. Traditionally, our courts have restricted the use of art. 2317 by construing it to be merely an introduction to the articles which immediately follow it and which required proof of negligence. In Cartwright v. Firemen's Ins. Co. of Newark, N. J., 254 La. 330, 223 So.2d 822 (1969), involving an accident caused by defective brakes, the Supreme Court rejected the strict liability doctrine under art. 2317.

In Loescher, the court seemed to specify that before an owner-custodian of a thing can be held strictly liable the "thing" must present an unreasonable risk of injury to others. The court stated at page 446:

"When harm results from the conduct or defect of a person or thing which creates an unreasonable risk of harm to others ..."

"Fault of the person thus liable is based upon his failure to prevent the person or thing for whom he is responsible from causing such unreasonable risk of injury to others." (Emphasis ours.)

"This jurisprudence recognizes that the injured person must prove the vice (i. e., unreasonable risk to others) in the person or thing whose act caused the damage, and that the damage resulted from this vice."

This court in the case of Greene v. Catalytic Inc., et al, 341 So.2d 1172 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1976), writ denied 344 So.2d 4 (La.1977), involving a case where plaintiff tripped over an airhose lying on the floor and was injured held that:

"... the conduct of Fletcher (defendant) cannot be said to create an unreasonable risk of harm. While some risk may be created by an airhose on a shop...