Standen v. State, 12918

• Decision Date: 14 February 1983
• Docket Number: No. 12918,12918
• Citation: 657 P.2d 1159,99 Nev. 76
• Parties: Warren Robert STANDEN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Nevada, Respondent.
• Court: Nevada Supreme Court

Page 1159

657 P.2d 1159

99 Nev. 76

Warren Robert STANDEN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Nevada, Respondent.

No. 12918.

Supreme Court of Nevada.

Feb. 14, 1983.

Thomas E. Perkins, State Public Defender, and Michael K. Powell, Sp. Deputy Public Defender, Carson City, for appellant.

D. Brian McKay, Atty. Gen., Carson City, Mills Lane, [99 Nev. 77] Dist. Atty., and Edward B. Horn, Deputy Dist. Atty., Reno, for respondent.

OPINION

SPRINGER, Justice:

Appellant Standen appeals from the denial of post-conviction relief claiming that his plea of guilty to murder in the first degree was not entered voluntarily.

NRS 174.035 prohibits acceptance of a guilty plea "without first addressing the defendant personally and determining that the plea is made ... with understanding of the nature of the charge ...."

We have held that the record must show that the defendant knew the nature of the charge to which the plea of guilty was entered. Gonzales v. State, 96 Nev. 562, 613 P.2d 410 (1980); Higby v. Sheriff, 86 Nev. 774, 476 P.2d 959 (1970), modified, Heffley v. Warden, 89 Nev. 573, 516 P.2d 1403 (1973). All that appears in this record relating to the defendant's understanding of the charge against him is the following:

"THE COURT: Do you understand the nature of the charge against you in the information which is murder?

"THE DEFENDANT: Yes." ¹

First degree murder was not charged in the information. The information was not read to the defendant at the time of the court's canvass. The elements of the offense of murder in the first degree, in whatever form, were never explained to the defendant; neither did the defendant admit factually to the commission of any crime. We, and presumably the defendant, have no way of knowing from what occurred in court whether the plea to murder in the first degree related to deliberation and premeditation or to felony murder. See Hanley v. State, 97 Nev. 130, 624 P.2d 1387 (1981).

The United States Constitution, our statutes, our cases and common fairness require that a defendant have some understanding of the charges before a plea of guilty to the charge is accepted. Merely asking the defendant if he understands the "nature of the charge against him" falls far short of what is constitutional, legal and fair.

Such an inquiry fails to satisfy the holding of this court in Higby v. Sheriff, 86 Nev. 774, 476 P.2d 959 (1970), Hanley v. State, 97 Nev. 130, 624 P.2d 1387 (1981), and various U.S. Supreme Court holdings.

In Higby, this court clearly adopted the literal interpretation of NRS 174.035(1) that the trial court "shall not accept such [guilty] plea ... without first addressing the defendant personally and determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge and consequences of the plea." The statutory language is identical to the first two sentences of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure which was interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States in McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 89 S.Ct. 1166, 22 L.Ed.2d 418 (1969). The opinion in Higby quotes extensively from McCarthy, specifically adopting the Supreme Court's rationale for rigid adherence to Rule 11's procedural safeguards:

First, although the procedure embodied in Rule 11 has not been held to be constitutionally mandated, it is designed to assist the district judge in making the constitutionally required determination that a defendant's guilty plea is truly voluntary. Second, the Rule is intended to produce a complete record at the time the plea is entered of the factors relevant to this voluntariness determination. Thus, the more meticulously the Rule is adhered to, the more it tends to discourage, or at least to enable more expeditious disposition of, the numerous and often frivolous post-conviction attacks on the constitutional validity of guilty pleas.

86 Nev. at 779, 476 P.2d 959, quoting 394 U.S. at 465, 89 S.Ct. at 1170.

Concluding, the Court in McCarthy stated:

Our holding that a defendant whose plea has been accepted in violation of Rule 11 should be afforded the opportunity to plead anew not only will insure that every accused is afforded those procedural safeguards, but also will help reduce the great waste of judicial resources required to process the frivolous attacks on guilty plea convictions that are encouraged and are more difficult to dispose of, when the original record is inadequate. It is, therefore, not too much to require that, before sentencing defendants to years of imprisonment, district judges take the few minutes necessary to inform them of their rights and to determine whether they understand the action they are taking.

394 U.S. at 472, 89 S.Ct. at 1174; see also 86 Nev. at 779-80, 476 P.2d 959.

The McCarthy Court unequivocally stated: "There is no adequate substitute for demonstrating in the record at the time the plea is entered the defendant's understanding of the nature of the charge against him." 394 U.S. at 470, 89 S.Ct. at 1170 (emphasis supplied by the Supreme Court). And this court, in Higby, stated:

Concededly, it is difficult to prescribe a precise procedure or set of questions to be asked at every guilty plea hearing. It necessarily must vary from case to case. We agree, however, that certain minimal requirements may be specified. The record should affirmatively show:

1. The defendant knowingly and understandingly waived (a) the privilege against self-incrimination, (b) the right to trial by jury, and (c) the right to confront his accusers. In reference to these rights and privileges, it was stated in United States ex rel. Ward v. Deegan, supra, 310 F.Supp. [1076] at 1078: "... [I]t is clearly the duty of a state court judge taking a guilty plea to canvass with a defendant at least those consequences of his plea so that the voluntariness of the plea will be established on the record." (Emphasis added [by the court].)

2. The plea was voluntary, was not coerced, and was not the result of a promise of leniency.

3. The defendant understands the consequences of his plea. The judge should inform the defendant of the range of punishments that may be imposed and then ask whether it is his intention to plead guilty.

4. The defendant understands the nature of the charge itself, i.e., the "elements" of the crime to which he is pleading guilty.

86 Nev. at 781, 476 P.2d 959.

In fact, the Higby court added a special note of attention for Nevada trial judges as the last sentence of the opinion:

[ W]e do take this opportunity to direct the attention of the district judges to the provisions of subsection 1 of NRS 174.035, and we urge that when they receive a guilty plea the minimal requirements as specified, supra, be followed to reduce, as the Court said in McCarthy, 394 U.S. at 472 , "the great waste of judicial resources required to process the frivolous attacks on guilty plea convictions that are encouraged, and are more difficult to dispose of, when the original record is inadequate."

86 Nev. at 781-82, 476 P.2d 959.

It is very clear that Standen's plea was not entered knowingly or understandingly. ²

We reverse the order of the trial court. The plea of guilty is set aside, and the matter is remanded to the district court for further proceedings.

MOWBRAY and GUNDERSON, JJ., and ZENOFF, Senior Justice ³, concur.

MANOUKIAN, Chief Justice, dissenting:

The majority reverses Standen's conviction of first degree murder, based solely on his contention that he did not understand the nature of the offense to which he pled guilty. I respectfully dissent.

There can be no dispute that in order for a defendant's plea of guilty to be freely and voluntarily given, he must understand the nature of the charge. See Higby v. Sheriff, 86 Nev. 774, 476 P.2d 959 (1970); NRS 174.035(1). The majority fails to recognize, however, that the voluntariness of a plea is to be determined from all of the circumstances surrounding entry of that plea. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 749, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 1469, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970).

In Hanley v. State, 97 Nev. 130, 625 P.2d 1387 (1981), cited for support by the majority, this court relied on Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976), primarily on the...