State v. Allen

• Decision Date: 26 January 1968
• Citation: 239 A.2d 675,99 N.J.Super. 314
• Parties: STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff, v. Clarence ALLEN, Defendant.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court

Page 314

99 N.J.Super. 314

239 A.2d 675

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff, v. Clarence ALLEN, Defendant.

Superior Court of New Jersey Law Division.

Jan. 26, 1968.

Nicholas E. Caprio, Asst. Prosecutor, for plaintiff (Joseph P. Lordi, Essex County Prosecutor, attorney).

George L. Schneider, Asst. Deputy Public Defender, for defendant (Leonard D. Ronco, Deputy Public Defender, Essex Region).

FUSCO, J.S.C.

This matter is before me on a petition by defendant Clarence Allen for post-conviction relief pursuant to R.R. 3:10A. He was convicted of the crime of larceny in the Municipal Court of West Orange and on September 14, 1967 sentenced to serve a term of six months in the Essex County Penitentiary. He was represented by assigned counsel in that court.

In his initial petition defendant states in almost unintelligible language the facts upon which he bases his claim for relief. '1. Co-defent didnot include me.

2. Complainee didnot include me.

3. Circumstantial evidence which was beyond a believe doubt which is a violation of New Jersey State Statues.'

As to these grounds, the court agrees with the State that they are the subject matter of an appeal and do not have the effect of depriving the defendant of fundamental fairness. Post-conviction relief proceedings may not be used as a substitute for an appeal. R.R. 3:10A--3; State v. Smith, 43 N.J. 67, 74, 202 A.2d 669 (1964).

However, defendant states a more serious ground in a supplemental petition. He asserts that the judgment of conviction should be set aside because he neither was advised by his attorney nor by the court of his right to appeal from the judgment of conviction. The gravamen of this complaint, essentially, is that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel in two respects. He contends that his counsel's failure to advise him of his right to appeal deprived him of the effective representation of trial counsel and, moreover, of the Sixth Amendment's right to the assistance of counsel on appeal as established by the United States Supreme Court in Douglas v. People of State of California, 372 U.S. 353, 83 S.Ct. 814, 9 L.Ed.2d 811 (1963).

With respect to the propriety of the court hearing this matter on an application for post-conviction relief, the State argues that this matter is the subject matter of an appeal. R.R. 3:10A--3; State v. Smith, supra. However, in cases such as this, where a defendant claims he did not know of his right to appeal and the time for filing an appeal has expired, the State's position would forever bar the defendant from obtaining judicial relief. See R.R. 3:22--4(f) and comment 2, Proposed Revision of the Rules Governing the Courts of New Jersey 236 (1966). If this defendant is entitled to relief, the denial of such relief upon the ground urged by the State would be contrary to fundamental justice. R.R. 3:10A--5. Therefore, the court will proceed to determine the mater on its merits.

The State concedes that neither counsel nor the trial court advised defendant of his right to appeal at any time during the ten-day period within which to perfect an appeal after the imposition of sentence, R.R. 1:3--1(c), and that the reason counsel failed to do so was that after considering the entire case, he determined that any of the alleged grounds for appeal were without merit. However, the State contends that our State and Federal Constitutions do not require that a defendant be informed of his right to appeal and that counsel fulfills his obligation to his client if he studies the trial record and determines there are no appealable grounds. To hold otherwise would impose an impractical task on the judiciary, for such defendant would appeal from a judgment of conviction without regard to the merit of the claim.

The point raised by petitioner is a novel one in this jurisdiction. However, there are several federal decisions dealing with the problem.

The most recent case is United States ex rel. Thurmond v. Mancusi, 275 F.Supp. 508 (E.D.N.Y.1967), where defendant had pleaded guilty to the State's indictment and after the imposition of sentence neither his counsel nor the court advised him of his right to appeal. In a Habeas corpus proceeding the United States District Court held that the failure on the part of counsel and the sentencing judge to inform defendant of his right to appeal violated the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. The court said:

'That petitioner was unaware of his right to appeal is highly probable. First, it is not likely that a layman would know that, after pleading guilty, an appeal would lie on the ground that the sentence imposed was excessive. Second, the trial court never informed petitioner of his right to appeal. Third, petitioner's counsel was not sure whether he had ever even seen petitioner after sentence was imposed; in any event, he testified that he did not discuss a possible appeal with him. * * *' (at p. 523)

The court continued and noted that the chances of success on appeal are not relevant to the duty to inform defendant of his right to appeal 'Were this Court to speculate, it might find that the possibilities of a successful motion or appeal were poor. But the chances of success are not relevant in this proceeding unless the questions before the state courts would have been frivolous. On this record this Court cannot say that the state courts would have considered them frivolous. Accordingly, the Court finds that the petitioner was denied his constitutional rights to representation and to appeal.' (at p. 523)

The Mancusi court relied principally upon three federal cases that indicate a clearly developed judicial awareness of the need for adequate representation for criminal defendants immediately after trial: United States ex rel. Maselli v. Reincke, 261 F.Supp. 457 (D.Conn.1966) affirmed 383 F.2d 129 (2 Cir.1967); Wynn v. Page, 369 F.2d 930 (10 Cir.1966) and Fox v. State of North Carolina, 266 F.Supp. 19 (E.D.N.C.1967). In Wynn defendant knew that he had a right to appeal; however, he neither knew how to perfect such an appeal nor did he have money to afford a lawyer to prosecute an appeal. The court described the facts as follows:

'With the help of a friend, appellant retained his own counsel for trial. * * * Appellant did not see his counsel after the verdict was returned and judgment and sentence imposed. * * * No one, not even his attorney advised appellant of his right to appeal the conviction and sentence * * * and of proper appellate procedure. * * * It appears that appellant's attorney was of the opinion that no reversible error occurred during the trial and there was no discussion after the trial between counsel and appellant concerning appeal.' (369 F.2d 930, at p. 932)

The court held that under such circumstances the time for filing an appeal does not commence until a defendant is advised of his rights to appeal and to the effective assistance of counsel on such an appeal. (At pp. 932--933).

In Fox petitioner had knowledge of his right to appeal but was not informed of the time period within which to file a notice of appeal with the court. Accordingly, the court held that he did not waive his right to appeal. And in Reincke the court held that defendant did not receive the effective assistance of trial counsel when, after requesting his counsel to apply to set aside his conviction, counsel neglected to take an appeal or make other motions.

In Douglas v. People of State of California, 372 U.S. 353, 83 S.Ct. 814, 9 L.Ed.2d 811 (1963), the Supreme Court held that an indigent is entitled to the assistance of counsel on his first appeal. Although defendant there requested counsel, it appears that in this age of judicial sensitivity to fundamental fairness in criminal proceedings the Supreme Court itself would not condition the right to counsel on appeal upon a defendant's request for such assistance. Such an approach is founded upon simple logic, for the Constitution does not discriminate between those who are intelligent enough to request counsel and those who fail to do so. See United States ex rel. Maselli v. Reincke, supra, 383 F.2d, at p. 134, n. 7. In Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 473, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), the court emphasized the importance of advising all defendants, whether they appear to be intelligent or ignorant, rich or poor, of their constitutional right to the assistance of counsel from the beginning of the accusatory stage in criminal proceedings.

The same reasoning seems to compel the conclusion that both the Fourteenth and Sixth Amendments require one to be advised of his state-created right of appeal in addition to the right to counsel on an appeal. United States ex rel. Thurmond v. Mancusi; supra; Wynn v. Page, supra; Fox v. State of North Carolina, supra; United States ex rel. Maselli v. Reincke, supra; Wainwright v. Simpson, 360 F.2d 307 (5 Cir.1966); Note, 'Effective Assistance of Counsel For the Indigent Defendant,' 78 Harv.L.Rev. 1434, 1447. Contra, United States ex rel. Bjornsen v. La Vallee, 364 F.2d 489 (2 Cir.1966). A state is not required by the Constitution to provide appellate review at all. McKane v. Durston, 153 U.S. 684, 687--688, 14 S.Ct. 913, 38 L.Ed. 867 (1893). However, once a state does grant appellate review, the Constitution comes into play to protect the fairness of those procedures. Norvell v. State of Illinois, 373 U.S. 420, 423, 83 S.Ct. 1366, 10 L.Ed.2d 456 (1963); Griffin v. People of State of Illinois, 351 U.S. 12, 18, 76 S.Ct. 585, 100 L.Ed. 891 (1956); Chessman v. Teets, 350 U.S. 3, 76 S.Ct. 34 100 L.Ed. 4 (1955); Dowd v. United States ex rel. Cook, 340 U.S. 206, 208, 71 S.Ct. 262, 95 L.Ed. 215 (1951).

If defendants are advised of their right to counsel only after filing the notice of appeal, the right to counsel on appeal would become meaningless in cases such as the present one. Convicted persons, unaware of the right to appeal, certainly would be deprived of the assistance of counse...