State v. Barnes, 81-600.

• Decision Date: 03 December 1981
• Docket Number: No. 81-600.,81-600.
• Citation: 313 NW 2d 1
• Parties: STATE of Minnesota, Respondent, v. Danny Kwomi BARNES, Appellant.
• Court: Minnesota Supreme Court

313 N.W.2d 1 (1981)

STATE of Minnesota, Respondent, v. Danny Kwomi BARNES, Appellant.

No. 81-600.

Supreme Court of Minnesota.

December 3, 1981.

Stephen W. Cooper, Neighborhood Justice Center, St. Paul, for appellant.

Warren Spannaus, Atty. Gen., St. Paul, Tom Foley, County Atty., and Steven DeCoster, Asst. County Atty., St. Paul, for respondent.

Considered and decided by the court en banc without oral argument.

AMDAHL, Justice.

This is a sentencing appeal. Defendant was convicted by a district court jury of possession of cocaine, a felony that carries a maximum prison term of 5 years, and possession of a pistol without a permit, a gross misdemeanor that carries a maximum term of 1 year. Defendant, age 23, has a criminal history score of two (one point based on prior misdemeanor and gross misdemeanor convictions¹ and one point because defendant was under custody supervision when he committed the charged offenses) and the more serious of the two offenses of which he was convicted is a severity level one (least serious) offense. The presumptive sentence was 1 year and 1 day, stayed. The presentence investigation report recommended a sentence of 1 year and 1 day, with execution stayed for 5 years with the first year of probation to be served in the workhouse. The trial court departed, sentencing defendant to 36 months at Stillwater, where defendant is presently confined.² This appeal followed, with defendant challenging only the increased length, not the execution of the sentence.

The nonexclusive list of aggravating factors approved by the Sentencing Guidelines Commission is as follows: (1) the victim was "particularly vulnerable" and this was or should have been known to the offender, (2) the victim was treated with "particular cruelty," (3) the current conviction is for an offense in which the victim was injured and the defendant has a prior felony conviction for an offense involving injury of the victim, (4) the offense was a "major economic offense," and (5) the offense was a "major controlled substance offense." Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines and Commentary, II. D.2.b. (1980). The last factor was recently added to the list by the Commission, effective August 1, 1981. None of these factors was present here. The issue therefore is whether any of the factors of the case justifies departure even though not a listed factor.

(a) One factor cited by the court in its report in support of departure was that defendant "appears to the court to be a man who lives outside of the law." In support of this the court stated that defendant was convicted of prostitution when he was 19 and that "there is strong evidence that he is presently in that business in more than one state." The court also emphasized the seriousness of the offenses of which defendant was convicted and added that defendant continued to drive even though he had no driver's license.

The court's statement that defendant was convicted of prostitution when he was 19 is true but that fact was already taken into account in determining defendant's criminal history score.

The court's statement that defendant was still involved in prostitution must have been based on the information in the presentence investigation report that defendant was employed at a so-called adult relaxation center and that he had been seen by vice-squad officers in an area of St. Paul where a number of prostitution arrests had been made. While the court's conclusion may be correct, the evidence supporting the conclusion cannot be termed strong. In any event, even if the evidence could be deemed strong, that alone would not justify the tacking on of an additional 24 months because it is clear that even if defendant had had an actual prior felony conviction for a prostitution-related offense, that would only add one point to his criminal history score and 3 months to his presumptive sentence.

As for the offenses of which defendant was convicted, their degree of seriousness was already taken into account by the Sentencing Guidelines Commission in determining the presumptive sentence.

And the conduct of driving without a license, although admitted by defendant and unlawful, certainly does not justify the departure.

(b) Other factors cited by the trial court — defendant's failure to cooperate with his probation agent in another county and his rejection of the opportunity to participate in a probationary treatment program — relate only to the nonamenability of defendant to probation. Defendant does not challenge the court's refusal to grant probation.

(c) Next the court cited its "observation of the defendant's demeanor in the court-room, his statements and apparent lack of candor in the presentence report, his background, and the nature of these offenses." This justification for departure is too vague to be of use to a reviewing court. While there was some suggestion by the agent who prepared the...