State v. Beck

• Decision Date: 16 January 1984
• Docket Number: No. 15707-KA,15707-KA
• Citation: 445 So.2d 470
• Parties: STATE of Louisiana, Appellee, v. Helen BECK, Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

Page 470

445 So.2d 470

STATE of Louisiana, Appellee, v. Helen BECK, Appellant.

No. 15707-KA.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana Second Circuit.

Jan. 16, 1984.

Writ Denied March 9, 1984.

Smith & Hingle by J. Randolph Smith, Monroe, for defendant.

William J. Guste, Jr., Baton Rouge, Atty. Gen., Johnny Carl Parkerson, Dist. Atty., Allen Harvey and Ellen Eade, Asst. Dist. Attys., Monroe, for the State.

Before PRICE, JASPER E. JONES and NORRIS, JJ.

JASPER E. JONES, Judge.

The defendant, Helen Beck, was convicted of second degree murder in violation of R.S. 14:30.1(1) and sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. She appeals her conviction relying on eight assignments of error.

Facts

Ricky Beck, defendant's eighteen month old son, died from extensive head injuries on May 23, 1981 while a patient at St. Francis Medical Center in Monroe. He was admitted to St. Francis May 19, 1981. The cause of Ricky's injuries were investigated by the Bastrop Police Department. ¹ During the course of the investigation defendant gave two recorded statements. The first was taken by Detective Gary Carver at St. Francis on May 21, 1981. It was exculpatory in nature.

The second statement was taken by Carver and Chief Harry Howard at the Bastrop Police Station on May 24, 1981. Carver and Howard picked defendant up at her aunt's home in Bastrop and brought her to the station. During the course of this statement defendant admitted having twice slammed an aluminum framed window down hard on Ricky's head. She was placed under formal arrest and then taken to her residence where she reenacted the crime for Carver and Howard.

Assignments of Error Nos. 1 and 4

By these assignments, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to suppress her confession, and in allowing the introduction of the taped confession and two waiver of rights forms signed by defendant May 21 and 24, 1981.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress defendant sought to have every statement she made suppressed. These included the two recorded statements and the reenactment of the crime. After hearing the May 21 exculpatory statement at the suppression hearing, defense counsel withdrew his demand that it be suppressed. The defendant urges a number of reasons why the May 24 confession and the crime reenactment should be suppressed.

She first contends the State did not carry its burden of proving the confession and reenactment were free and voluntary. She argues she was under extreme pressure to make an inculpatory statement and was emotionally upset when she made the statements. She states that Carver subjected her to threats and made promises to induce her to give the confession.

Before a confession can be introduced into evidence, the State has the burden of affirmatively proving that it was free and voluntary and not made under the influence of fear, duress, menaces, threats, inducements or promises. La.R.S. 15:451; La.C.Cr.P. 703. The admissibility of a confession is in the first instance a question for the trial judge. His conclusions on the credibility and weight of testimony relating to the voluntariness of a confession will not be overturned on appeal unless they are not supported by the evidence. State v. Sonnier, 379 So.2d 1336 (La.1979); State v. Perry, 420 So.2d 139 (La.1982); State v. Broadway, 440 So.2d 828 (La.App. 2d Cir.1983).

The evidence taken at the suppression hearing and at trial supports a finding that the confession and reenactment were free and voluntary and that the police did not unduly pressure defendant. At the most Carver and Howard exhorted defendant to tell the truth. A confession is not rendered inadmissible by the fact that law enforcement officers exhort or adjure a defendant to tell the truth provided the exhortation is not accompanied by an inducement in the nature of a threat or one which implies a promise of reward. State v. Mullins, 353 So.2d 243 (La.1977); State v. Hall, 434 So.2d 517 (La.App. 2d Cir.1983).

The specific threats and promises complained of by defendant were made at the time the May 21 exculpatory statement was taken. Detective Carver told defendant he would give her a lie detector test if she did not tell the truth and if she did tell the truth she would not be taken out of St. Francis and thrown in jail. The lie detector threat may have rendered the statement inadmissible if defense counsel had not specifically excluded it from his motion to suppress. However, this threat was not repeated at the time the actual confession was taken three days later.

When a defendant gives two statements and the first is inadmissible as being illegally obtained, the second statement may, nevertheless, be admissible if it is not obtained by exploitation of the initial illegality, but instead is shown by the State to be sufficiently an act of free will entirely purged of and independent of the primary taint. State v. Young, 344 So.2d 983 (La.1977); State v. Davis, 336 So.2d 805 (La.1976). See also State v. Welch, 337 So.2d 1114 (La.1976).

In the instant case the confession was not obtained by exploitation of the threat made three days earlier. At the time defendant confessed she was given two fresh sets of Miranda warnings and she indicated she understood her rights and desired to waive them. Furthermore, the threat and promise were not repeated. We are satisfied the State demonstrated that defendant's confession was an act of free will, completely independent of the threats made during her earlier interrogation.

Emotional distress is not grounds for rendering a confession inadmissible unless it is so severe that the party confessing is unable to voluntarily do so. See State v. Williams, 383 So.2d 369 (La.1980). While defendant cried and trembled during her interrogation, she did not become overly emotional or lose control. The record supports the trial court's finding that defendant's emotional distress did not affect the voluntariness of her confession.

Defendant next contends it was not shown that she fully understood her constitutional rights as per Miranda. Thus, her waiver of those rights was invalid.

It is well settled that for a waiver of constitutional rights to be valid, the State carries a heavy burden of proving the waiver was knowingly and intelligently made. See Tague v. Louisiana, 444 U.S. 469, 100 S.Ct. 652, 62 L.Ed.2d 622 (1980); State v. Penns, 407 So.2d 678 (La.1981).

At the time defendant confessed she was 17 years of age, had a ninth grade education and testified she could read, write and understand the English language. On both occasions that she gave statements, her Miranda rights were read to her as she read along with the officers, before she signed the waiver forms. She indicated that she understood these rights. Her complaint is that she indicated to the officers she could not read some of the words on the waiver form. In light of her positive statement that she understood the words, and her rights, when they were read to her, her inability to read all of the words on the waiver form does not render her waiver invalid.

Defendant also contends the confession and reenactment were the products of an illegal arrest and should have been suppressed. She argues that she was constructively under arrest when the officers picked her up for questioning on May 24 and at the time there was no probable cause for her arrest. For purposes of discussion, we assume that defendant was under arrest at the time she was picked up. The arrest was made without a warrant.

A confession or inculpatory statement, which is the direct result of an illegal arrest, should be suppressed. State v. Rebstock, 418 So.2d 1306 (La.1982); State v. Edwards, 375 So.2d 1365 (La.1979); State v. Giovanni, 375 So.2d 1360 (La.1979). In order for a warrantless arrest to be legal, it must be based on probable cause. State v. Bell, 395 So.2d 805 (La.1981); State v. Thomas, 349 So.2d 270 (La.1977).

The applicable standard for testing probable cause to arrest was set out by the supreme court in State v. Collins, 378 So.2d 928 (La.1979) as follows:

Probable cause to arrest exists when facts and circumstances within the arresting officer's knowledge and of which he has reasonable and trustworthy information are sufficient to justify a man of average caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing an offense. State v. Wilkens, 364 So.2d 934 (La.1978); State v. Johnson, 363 So.2d 684 (La.1978); State v. Marks, 337 So.2d 1177 (La.1976). Although mere suspicion cannot justify an arrest, State v. Thomas, 349 So.2d 270 (La.1977), the officer does not need sufficient proof to convict. State v. Randolph, 337 So.2d 498 (La.1976).

The officers in the instant case were justified in believing that defendant had committed an offense. The arresting officers had trustworthy information that Ricky died from extensive head injuries and these injuries were sustained in his home while the child was being cared for by the defendant. Defendant had changed her story as to how the injuries occurred several times and the police had been informed that Ricky's injuries were far too extensive to have occurred in any of the manners described by defendant. We find the defendant's arrest was supported by probable cause.

These assignments of error lack merit.

Assignment of Error No. 2

Defendant contends the trial court erred in allowing two x-rays of Ricky's skull to be admitted into evidence over objections by defense counsel. The x-rays were offered in connection with the testimony of Dr. Meade O'Boyle, a pediatrician who treated Ricky at St. Francis. Counsel objected to their admission on the grounds of improper identification, improper foundation, hearsay and they did not fit under the medical reports or business records exceptions to the hearsay rule. The same grounds are urged on appeal.

We do not consider whether the x-rays were properly admitted...