State v. Bentley

• Decision Date: 13 June 1986
• Docket Number: No. 57689,57689
• Citation: 721 P.2d 227,239 Kan. 334
• Parties: STATE of Kansas, Appellee, v. Quintin R. BENTLEY, Appellant.
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court

Page 227

721 P.2d 227

239 Kan. 334

STATE of Kansas, Appellee, v. Quintin R. BENTLEY, Appellant.

No. 57689.

Supreme Court of Kansas.

June 13, 1986.

Syllabus by the Court

1. As a general rule, statutes of limitation are favored by the law and are to be construed liberally in favor of the accused and against the prosecution. Exceptions to the statute are to be construed narrowly, or strictly, against the State.

2. As an exception to the two-year criminal statute of limitations, K.S.A. 21-3106(3)(c) provides the period within which prosecution must commence does not include any period in which the fact of the crime is concealed. In a sexual abuse case, a threat made by the defendant to his nine-year-old victim not to tell anyone what happened does not constitute concealment as contemplated by K.S.A. 21-3106(3)(c).

3. It is not the province of the Supreme Court to fashion exceptions to the statute of limitations; that is a task left to the legislature. Statutes of limitation are measures of public policy and are entirely subject to the will of the legislature.

Carl N. Kelly, Wichita, argued the cause and was on brief, for appellant.

Neal B. Brady, Asst. Dist. Atty., argued the cause, and Robert T. Stephan, Atty. Gen., and Clark V. Owens, Dist. Atty., were with him on brief, for appellee.

SCHROEDER, Chief Justice:

The defendant, Quintin Bentley, was convicted of two counts of indecent liberties with a child (K.S.A. 21-3503). The issue on appeal concerns the criminal statute of limitations (K.S.A. 21-3106) and whether a threat to a child not to tell anyone what the defendant had done constitutes concealment and tolls the running of the statute of limitations.

In an unpublished opinion filed January 9, 1986, 713 P.2d 494, the Kansas Court of Appeals reversed the defendant's convictions and held a threat to a child does not constitute concealment. The basis of the opinion is that it is not within the province of the court to fashion exceptions to the statute of limitations; that is left to the legislature. The Court of Appeals stated to hold a threat constituted concealment would result in extending the two-year limitation in nearly every case of indecent liberties because threats are commonplace in sexual assaults on children. We granted the State's petition for review.

The facts of the incidents are not in dispute. The victim's parents were divorced and the incidents occurred while she was visiting her father on the weekend. The defendant, the victim's uncle, slept in his car at the victim's father's address. Both incidents occurred when the victim was nine years old. The defendant admitted the two incidents had occurred.

The first incident occurred when the victim was taking a bath at her father's house at 1430 S. Seneca, Wichita, Kansas. Her father wasn't home, but her brothers and the defendant were. Her brothers were watching television. The defendant came into the bathroom, fondled and touched her and made her touch him. The defendant heard the victim's father's car pull into the driveway and pulled up his pants. In a mean voice, he threatened her not to tell anybody, and if she did, he would try to do it again. He also said if she told her father, he would tell her father that her brothers had come into the bathroom while she was in there, which was against her father's privacy rule. When asked why she didn't tell her father, the victim replied she didn't want the defendant to do it again.

The second incident also occurred when her father was not home. The victim and her brothers were outside playing soccer when the defendant called her into the house. She went in to change her clothes and the defendant came into the bedroom and fondled and touched her. When her father started to come into the house, the defendant pulled up his pants and left the bedroom.

One day the victim, her brothers, and her mother were in their car and ran out of gas. As they were walking home they passed three boys whom the victim thought were laughing at them and she became frightened. When they got home, her mother asked her what was wrong and she eventually told her what the defendant had done.

While the facts are not in dispute, the times that the incidents occurred are. The charges against the defendant were filed on March 7, 1984. Therefore, to be within the two-year statute of limitations, the two incidents must not have occurred before March 7, 1982.

The victim stated the first incident happened in the summer or after school had started, and the second incident happened two or three months after the first incident. The complaint stated the first incident occurred between June and September of 1982, and the second incident occurred during September 1982. However, at trial the victim testified that both incidents occurred at her father's house at 1430 S. Seneca. Her father moved from that address on April 16, 1982. At the time of the first incident, the victim testified she lived with her grandmother; she lived there before her mother remarried on February 11, 1982. That would place the first incident before March 7, 1982, and outside the statute of limitations by a count of 24 days. However, the victim also testified that at the time of the first and second incidents she lived on 9th Street; she moved to that address on February 27, 1982. That would place both incidents between February 27, 1982, and April 16, 1982, possibly within or without the statute of limitations.

In a trial to the court, the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Count I occurred prior to February 11, 1982. However, the trial court had a reasonable doubt whether Count II occurred on or before March 7, 1982. Briefs were prepared and arguments were heard on whether the defendant's threat to the child tolled the criminal limitations statute. The trial court ruled the defendant's threats were calculated to prevent discovery of the crimes and, therefore, the threats constituted concealment which tolled the statute of limitations, making the charges against the defendant timely filed. The defendant was convicted on both counts of indecent liberties with a child.

As to Count I, the defendant argues on appeal the threat does not constitute concealment. As to Count II, the defendant argues no threat was made at the second incident.

As a general rule, statutes of limitation are favored by the law and are to be construed liberally in favor of the accused and against the prosecution. Exceptions to the statute are to be construed narrowly, or strictly, against the State. State v. Mills, 238 Kan. 189, 190, 707 P.2d 1079 (1985).

Pursuant to K.S.A. 21-3106, prosecutions for crimes other than murder must be commenced within two years of the commission of the crime. However, there are exceptions to that two-year time limit. The period within which prosecution must commence does not include any period in which the fact of the crime is concealed. K.S.A. 21-3106(3)(c).

Cases construing this exception to the statute of limitations have involved charges of embezzlement or theft. The rule established in these cases is that the statute refers to acts of concealment preventing discovery of the fact that crime was committed, which must be unconnected with the fact the accused was the perpetrator. In re Stewart, 60 Kan. 781, 57 Pac. 976 (1899). Concealment of the facts of the crime refers to concealment of those criminal acts which constitute the crime. State v. Gainer, 227 Kan. 670, 608 P.2d 968 (1980). To constitute concealment, it must appear the accused's statements or conduct was calculated and designed to prevent discovery of the crime with which he or she is charged; mere silence, inaction or nondisclosure is not enough. Nondisclosure is the failure to reveal facts, while concealment is any statement or conduct which prevents another from acquiring knowledge of a fact. State v. Watson, 145 Kan. 792, 794, 67 P.2d 515 (1937).

Where the defendant hid stolen property and then later used that property as his own, this court ruled those actions did not constitute concealment. See State v. Gainer, 227 Kan. 670, 608 P.2d 968; State v. Heinz, 121 Kan. 547, 247 Pac. 631 (1926). However, where the defendant misrepresented facts, failed to produce documents requested by the court, verified false statements, or failed to advise a party when the defendant had a duty to advise, this court ruled these actions did constitute concealment. See State v. Grauerholz, 232 Kan. 221, 228, 654 P.2d 395 (1982); State v. Taylor, 140 Kan. 663, 38 P.2d 680 (1934); State v. Wingett, 136 Kan. 436, 16 P.2d 486 (1932); State v. McGinley, 129 Kan. 655, 284 Pac. 384 (1930).

In State v. Mills, 238 Kan. 189, 707 P.2d 1079, two men, Mills and Medley, fondled a ten-year-old boy in July of 1979. On several occasions, Medley told the boy people might think he was homosexual if he told anyone what happened. Charges against Mills were brought in 1984, and the State argued Medley's threats against the boy constituted concealment which was attributable to Mills. For the sake of argument, the Supreme Court assumed Medley's threats constituted concealment. However, because there was no showing that Mills solicited Medley to make the threats, or that Medley made the statements on Mills' behalf, the court ruled there was no concealment by Mills and the charges were not timely filed.

In Mills, we assumed statements made to the victim by the perpetrator constituted concealment; today we must decide that issue. Here, after the first incident, the defendant threatened his nine-year-old niece that if she told anybody what he had done he would try to do it again and he would tell her father she violated the privacy rule. The defendant argues the threat did not constitute concealment because he had no control over the child and couldn't prevent her from revealing the incident.

The defendant cites State v. Danielski, 348 N.W.2d 352 (Minn.App.1984), to support his argument that the...