State v. Bivens

• Decision Date: 20 September 1977
• Docket Number: No. 38527,38527
• Citation: 558 S.W.2d 296
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Connie BIVENS, Defendant-Appellant. . Louis District, Division Three
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 296

558 S.W.2d 296

STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Connie BIVENS, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 38527.

Missouri Court of Appeals, St. Louis District, Division Three.

Sept. 20, 1977.

Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer Denied Nov. 14, 1977.

Mary Elizabeth Dockery, Asst. Public Defender, 22nd Judicial Circuit, St. Louis, for defendant-appellant.

John D. Ashcroft, Atty. Gen., Paul Robert Otto, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for plaintiff-respondent.

GUNN, Judge.

Defendant was convicted by a jury of first degree robbery with a dangerous and deadly weapon. Section 560.135 RSMo Supp.1975. Under the Second Offender Act the trial court sentenced him to 35 years imprisonment. Defendant's appeal charges that the pretrial identification procedure was so unduly suggestive as to deny him due process of law and that the subsequent in court identification of him was not shown to have an independent basis from the alleged maculated pretrial identification. Defendant also asserts that there was improper prosecutorial cross-examination of one of the defense witnesses. Defendant's charges are devoid of merit; we affirm the conviction.

Defendant was positively identified as the perpetrator of a sawed-off shotgun robbery at a St. Louis office of the Missouri Department of Revenue. In the early afternoon of February 13, 1976, two men armed with sawed-off shotguns entered the crowded Revenue office. The two men, one identified as the defendant, unobtrusively approached the bank of cashiers' windows and in a well synchronized gambit absconded with nearly $6,000 of State funds within a time period lasting from one to four minutes. Due to the celerity with which the robbers performed their evil task, they were able to escape before the long queues of people realized that a crime had been committed. However, at least one customer and three Revenue employees clearly observed the defendant wield and thrust his lethal weapon as he forced cashiers to give money to him.

The three Revenue Department employees, who were the victims of defendant's actions and who had undergone the frightening experience of having defendant's ugly weapon thrust at them, had a clear and unobstructed view of defendant as he performed his unlawful activities. Two employees identified defendant at a police lineup two days after the robbery. The third employee identified defendant at a police lineup about one week after the robbery. Approximately four months after the robbery, the customer was asked by the Circuit Attorney's office to view a photograph of a police lineup composed of five men. Upon seeing the photograph, the customer unhesitatingly and unequivocally identified the defendant as the robber he had observed in the Revenue office.

All four eyewitnesses positively identified the defendant at trial, even though at his counsel's request defendant was seated among the spectators in the courtroom rather than at the counsel table.

Defendant's defense was alibi that he was elsewhere at the time of the robbery a defense which the jury refused to believe.

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress identification testimony, because, under the circumstances, the pretrial identification procedures were so unduly suggestive as to deny him due process of law; that the trial court erred in permitting the subsequent in court identifications, because they were the product of the suggestive pretrial confrontations. Defendant asserts as the basis for his charge of undue suggestiveness the following:

"a. There was not a very good or long opportunity to view the robber;

b. The witnesses did not have their attention focused on the person of the robber at the time of the crime;

c. None of the witnesses gave a description of the robber to the police at the scene of the crime;

d. In at least one instance, several months passed between the time of the crime and the confrontation;

e. In all cases witnesses viewed the line-up believing that the line-up would contain the robber."

It is obvious that none of these factors, except the last, is in any way related to the suggestiveness of the lineup procedure. Rather, factors (a) through (d) relate to the opportunity of the identifying witnesses to observe and remember the physical features of the robber the certainty of the identification. Circumstances relating to the certainty of the identification affect only the credibility of the witnesses' testimony and not the admissibility. State v. Bevineau, 552 S.W.2d 67 (Mo.App.1977); State v. Davis, 529 S.W.2d 10 (Mo.App.1975). Such factors are, however, relevant in determining whether the witnesses' in court identification has an independent basis once it is shown that the pretrial confrontation was unconstitutionally tainted. See Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 34 L.Ed.2d 401, 93 S.Ct. 375 (1972). State v. White, 549 S.W.2d 914 (Mo.App.1977); State v. Davis, 547 S.W.2d 482 (Mo.App.1976). We must first, therefore, examine the pretrial confrontations to determine if they were so suggestive that an independent basis must be shown to support the in court identifications. State v. Barnes, 537 S.W.2d 576 (Mo.App.1976).

We have reviewed the testimony of the identifying witnesses regarding the circumstances surrounding the pretrial confrontations, as well as the color photograph of the questioned lineup, and we find that there was no undue suggestiveness.

In determining whether a pretrial confrontation between the accused and the identifying witnesses is so tainted by suggestive factors as to violate the accused's right to due process of law, we view the totality of circumstances surrounding the confrontation. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); State v. Macon, 547 S.W.2d 507 (Mo.App.1977); State v. Murphy, 508 S.W.2d 269 (Mo.App.1974). Each case must be judged on its own facts to ascertain if the confrontation was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. Neil v. Biggers, supra; State v. Parker, 458 S.W.2d 241 (Mo.1970); State v. Davis, supra.

Defendant makes no claim that the police, the prosecutor or anyone else tried to prompt, cajole or otherwise influence the identifying witnesses at the lineup or at the subsequent photographic viewing by the customer. It is clear from the testimony of the identifying witnesses regarding the circumstances of the pretrial confrontations that such a claim would be totally unavailing. It is evident from ocular examination of the color photograph of the lineup that each participant, though not identical to each other, is very similar in appearance. Each man is of medium build and dressed in casual clothing. Each has facial hair, and three have beards. All appear to be of approximately the same age. It is true that defendant is the shortest of the five participants, however, the disparity in height is neither great nor obvious and affords no basis for relief for defendant. See State v. Proctor,535 S.W.2d 141 (Mo.App.1976); State v. Jones, 528 S.W.2d 14 (Mo.App.1975).

Mere showing of minor dissimilarities in physical appearance of lineup participants is insufficient to establish impermissible suggestiveness. State v. Gillum, 540 S.W.2d 167 (Mo.App.1976). Persons in a lineup will never be identical to one another. The law does not require exact conformity to ensure an untainted identification procedure. State v. Proctor, supra. The participants in a lineup need only be reasonably similar to one another so that no one individual clearly stands out from the rest. State v. Davis, supra; State v. Dayton, 535 S.W.2d 479 (Mo.App.1976). "Police stations are not theatrical casting offices; a reasonable effort to harmonize the lineup...