State v. Braxton

• Citation: 343 S.C. 629,541 S.E.2d 833
• Decision Date: 05 February 2001
• Docket Number: No. 25246.,25246.
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of South Carolina
• Parties: The STATE, Respondent, v. John Gregory BRAXTON, Appellant.

343 S.C. 629

541 S.E.2d 833

The STATE, Respondent, v. John Gregory BRAXTON, Appellant.

No. 25246.

Supreme Court of South Carolina.

Heard December 5, 2000.

Decided February 5, 2001.

Assistant Appellate Defender Robert M. Dudek, of South Carolina Office of Appellate Defense, of Columbia, for appellant.

Attorney General Charles M. Condon, Chief Deputy Attorney General John W. McIntosh, Assistant Deputy Attorney General Donald J. Zelenka, Assistant Attorney General Derrick K. McFarland, of Columbia; and Solicitor Barbara R. Morgan, of Aiken, for respondent.

BURNETT, Justice.

Appellant was indicted on charges of murder, kidnapping, armed robbery, and possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime. He was convicted of murder and possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime, but acquitted on the remaining charges. Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder and five years, consecutive, for the weapon possession charge. We affirm.

FACTS

Melissa Griffith (the victim) was last seen at Country Folks, the convenience store where she worked. When the victim did not arrive home as expected, police went to Country Folks. Although the store's front door was locked, the alarm had not been activated. A paper bag containing $1700 was missing; however, the cash register drawer containing $150 was sitting on a stool behind the counter. There were no signs of a struggle. Neither the victim nor her car were present.

Later the same evening, the victim's car was located in a cornfield 1½ miles away from Country Folks. The victim was outside the vehicle. She had been shot four times. Tennis shoe tracks led from the car.

A bloodhound followed the tracks to appellant's home. Police searched appellant's home and found a pair of tennis shoes which were consistent in size and design with the tracks near the victim's car, but were not positively identified as having made the tracks. A witness testified appellant stated, "[m]an, you can't arrest me just because my shoes match." During the search, police found a nine millimeter Ruger pistol, wrapped in a t-shirt, in vines beside appellant's home. Before the police located the pistol, appellant declared, "that's not my gun." An expert witness testified the cartridge casings found at the victim's car were fired from the nine millimeter Ruger found in appellant's yard. Appellant's brother testified the t-shirt wrapped around the Ruger belonged to appellant.

Appellant's friend, Tony Berry, testified the evening before the murder, he, appellant, appellant's brother Stephen, and their brother Ricco were playing cards. Appellant and Stephen began arguing. When appellant "went in the back room in the back part of the house and reached down," Berry ran out of the house. Berry testified he knew appellant had a nine millimeter gun and he thought appellant was going to get it. Berry returned a short while later; he did not see a gun.

The victim's husband, Anthony Griffith, testified about an incident which occurred at Country Folks one month before the victim's murder. Griffith testified he was helping his wife at Country Folks when appellant entered the store. Appellant asked for a package of cigarettes. According to Griffith, when his wife heard appellant's voice, she dropped a handful of change into the cash register. When she refused to sell appellant cigarettes, appellant and the victim argued. Griffith's wife went to the telephone. Thereafter, Griffith and appellant argued. Appellant left. Griffith stated his wife appeared "very upset, angry, and scared" when appellant asked her for cigarettes.

ISSUE

Did the trial judge err by improperly admitting two instances of bad act evidence?

DISCUSSION

Appellant argues the trial court erred in allowing Berry to testify about the argument between he and his brother the night before the murder. In addition, he contends the trial judge erred by allowing Griffith to testify he and the victim argued a month before her murder. Appellant characterizes both Berry and Griffith's testimony as bad act evidence. We disagree.

Evidence is relevant if it "ha[s] any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Rule 401, SCRE. All relevant evidence is admissible, unless constitutionally, statutorily, or otherwise provided. Rule 402, SCRE. However, relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Rule 403, SCRE.

South Carolina law precludes evidence of a defendant's prior crimes or other bad acts to prove the defendant's guilt for the crime charged except to establish (1) motive, (2) intent, (3) the absence of mistake or accident, (4) a common scheme or plan, or (5) the identity of the perpetrator. Rule 404(b), SCRE; State v. King, 334 S.C. 504, 514 S.E.2d 578 (1999); State v. Lyle, 125 S.C. 406, 118 S.E. 803 (1923). The evidence of the prior bad acts must be clear and convincing to be admissible. State v. King, supra. The record must support a logical relevance between the prior bad act and the crime for which the defendant is accused. Id. Further, even though the evidence is clear and convincing and falls within a Lyle exception, it must be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant. Rule 403, SCRE; State v. King, supra.

That portion of Berry's testimony stating he knew appellant possessed a nine millimeter pistol was relevant as it tended to identify appellant as the possessor of the murder weapon, a nine millimeter pistol. Rule 401, SCRE (definition of relevant evidence). The identity of the user of the murder weapon was the critical issue at trial. Accordingly, the probative value of this portion of Berry's testimony substantially outweighed any claim of undue prejudice. Rule 403, SCRE.

However, Berry could have testified he knew appellant possessed a nine millimeter pistol without describing the argument between appellant and his brother. Testimony regarding the argument was irrelevant to identification of appellant as the possessor of the murder weapon as Berry testified he did not see appellant with a gun at the time of the argument.

Clearly, the State wanted Berry to testify about the argument between appellant and his brother on the evening before the murder to establish appellant was a violent person and quick to draw his pistol. This testimony regarding appellant's character was inadmissible. Rule 404(a), SCRE (evidence of a person's character or character trait is inadmissible for the purpose of establishing the person acted in conformity with that particular character or trait on a particular occasion).¹

Nonetheless, the testimony regarding appellant's violence and willingness to produce a pistol was cumulative to other evidence offered at trial. For instance, Stephen also testified he and appellant argued and appellant drew a pistol on the evening before the murder. Similarly, appellant's cousin testified appellant took the Ruger from him several months before the murder. When he asked appellant to return the pistol, appellant put the gun to his cousin's face and told him he would shoot him. Accordingly, while we conclude Berry's testimony about the incident was inadmissible character evidence, its admission was harmless error. State v. Blackburn, 271 S.C. 324, 247 S.E.2d 334 (1978) (the admission of improper evidence is harmless where it is cumulative to other evidence).² We further conclude the trial judge did not err in admitting Griffith's testimony. Contrary to appellant's assertion, Griffith's testimony did not refer to any bad act by appellant. It merely revealed appellant and the victim argued, apparently about her refusal to sell him cigarettes....