State v. Brooks

• Decision Date: 29 November 1993
• Docket Number: No. 93-018,93-018
• Citation: 162 Vt. 26,643 A.2d 226
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Gerald H. BROOKS.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 226

643 A.2d 226

162 Vt. 26

STATE of Vermont v. Gerald H. BROOKS.

No. 93-018.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Nov. 29, 1993.

Motion for Reargument Denied May 3, 1994.

Gary S. Kessler, Supervising Appellate Prosecutor, State's Attys. and Sheriffs Depart., Montpelier, for plaintiff-appellant.

Jeffrey L. Amestoy, Atty. Gen., Montpelier, and William E. Wargo, Asst. Atty. Gen., Burlington, for Depart. of Health.

Steve Dunham, Public Defender, St. Albans, for defendant-appellee.

Before ALLEN, C.J., and GIBSON, DOOLEY, MORSE and JOHNSON, JJ.

MORSE, Justice.

The State appeals from the district court's interlocutory ruling that evidence of blood-alcohol content (BAC) measured by DataMaster infrared testing device is inadmissible in either a DUI civil suspension or a DUI criminal proceeding. Well over one hundred cases were governed by the court's ruling. We reverse.

While driving a motor vehicle on Route 7 in St. Albans, defendant was stopped by a state trooper for an equipment defect. According to police affidavits, during the stop, the trooper suspected defendant was DUI and conducted field sobriety tests. Defendant eventually submitted to a DataMaster breath test, resulting in a BAC reading of .175%. Defendant requested a second DataMaster test, which was performed shortly after the first. The second test resulted in a BAC of .183%, a reading that deviated slightly less than 5% from the first. Defendant was then charged with DUI.

Defendant moved to exclude the DataMaster test results on grounds that the Department of Health had not properly promulgated rules to trigger a presumption of validity under 23 V.S.A. § 1203(d) ("analysis performed by the state shall be considered valid when performed according to a method or methods selected by the department of health") and because the DataMaster testing device did not conform to department performance standards. The court held the department had not satisfied the statute's rulemaking requirement. This determination was not appealed and is not before us.

The sole issue on appeal is whether the State is precluded from demonstrating the scientific reliability of the DataMaster infrared testing equipment and testing methodology, in general, and the trustworthiness of defendant's test result in particular. The trial court ruled that even if the State could show, without using the statutory presumption, that the test results were reliable, they would nonetheless be inadmissible. The court acknowledged that its ruling directly contradicted our holding in State v. Mills, 133 Vt. 15, 17, 328 A.2d 410, 411-12 (1974) (even if presumption of test's validity is not triggered, test results are admissible upon proper evidentiary foundation), but contended that Mills did not apply following the amendment of 23 V.S.A. § 1203, the statute governing the admissibility of the test. Defendant now urges that the amended version of 23 V.S.A. § 1203 requires a reevaluation of Mills.

In Mills, defendant contended that 23 V.S.A. § 1203(a) required the Department of Health to adopt rules for chemically testing breath samples before a given test result was admissible in a DUI prosecution. Id. at 16-17, 328 A.2d at 411. At the time Mills was decided, 23 V.S.A. § 1203(a) provided:

Chemical analysis of the person's breath or blood shall be considered valid under the provisions of this section when performed according to methods approved by the department of health.

In 1989 the legislature amended that section, requiring that infrared testing methods be adopted by rulemaking and that such tests "shall be analyzed in compliance with rules adopted by the department of health." 23 V.S.A. § 1203(d) (emphasis added). The legislature also provided an identical presumption of validity, stating: "[Infrared breath] analysis performed by the state shall be considered valid when performed according to a method or methods selected by the department of health." Id. The one difference--an explicit mandate for rulemaking in the amended version--is the basis for defendant's contention that Mills is distinguishable and not contrary to the court's ruling that DataMaster evidence is inadmissible.

The trial court's initial rejection of the State's offer of the DataMaster evidence under a presumption of validity was mandated by § 1203(d) because rulemaking had not been properly conducted. The court, however, went further and inferred that § 1203(d) required suppression of the DataMaster results in any instance where rulemaking was not accomplished. This position is not borne out by analogous cases. In the absence of a specific legislative sanction, it is improper to infer consequences not provided in the statute. See, e.g., State v. Skilling, 157 Vt. 647, 648, 595 A.2d 1346, 1347 (1991) (statutory time periods to give notice and hold hearing in civil suspension for DUI, with no sanction provided for failure to comply, are directory only; consequences for failure to comply may not be judicially inferred); see also In re Mullestein, 148 Vt. 170, 174, 531 A.2d 890, 892-93 (1987) ("In the absence of express statutory language to the contrary," 26 V.S.A. § 201(b)'s requirement that candidates for architect's license be notified of exam results within 30 days is merely directory.). Furthermore, when interpreting the notice requirement for a license suspension under 23 V.S.A. § 1205(d), we held that the statute, with no mandated sanction for failure to comply, did not warrant the trial court's dismissal of charges against defendant for the State's alleged failure to give immediate notice within the time allotted. State v. Camolli, 156 Vt. 208, 215, 591 A.2d 53, 57 (1991).

Compliance with the statutory rulemaking requirement is mandatory only to the extent that the State wishes to benefit from the presumption of validity. The statute does not state or imply that department rulemaking is a prerequisite to admissibility. The trial court's reliance on § 1203(d) as a ground for denying admission of the DataMaster results was erroneous. Without a statutory basis for excluding the DataMaster test, the rules of evidence determine whether defendant's BAC results are admissible.

DUI test results may be proved by traditional evidentiary means, for, as we noted in Mills, despite the department's duty to use rulemaking, "the judiciary has long had available to it a procedural and evidentiary framework to determine the validity of chemical analysis to establish [BAC]." Mills, 133 Vt. at 17, 328 A.2d at 411. This evidentiary framework, though not fully articulated in Mills, finds its foundation in the Vermont Rules of Evidence promulgated nearly a decade after Mills was decided. See V.R.E. 702-705 (rules for expert testimony and scientific evidence); see also V.R.E. 104(a) (preliminary questions of admissibility); V.R.E. 401-403 (relevance, admissibility, and exclusion of relevant evidence).

Traditionally, the standard most widely applied for admissibility of scientific evidence was the Frye test, which allowed admission of scientific evidence if it was generally accepted as reliable in the relevant scientific community. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C.Cir.1923). The United States Supreme Court, however, recently held that the Frye test's restrictive view of admissibility was "superseded by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence." Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, ----, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 2793, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). In overruling the Frye test, the Court stated that "a rigid 'general acceptance' requirement would be at odds with the 'liberal thrust' of the Federal Rules and their 'general approach of relaxing the traditional barriers to "opinion" testimony.' " Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2794 (quoting Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 169, 109 S.Ct. 439, 449, 102 L.Ed.2d 445 (1988)). The Court further noted that decisions to admit evidence under F.R.E. 702 should be considered in context with the general requirements of admissibility of relevant evidence contained in F.R.E. 402 and 403, and in light of F.R.E. 104(a). Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2794-96. Similar principles should apply here because Vermont's rules are essentially identical to the federal ones on admissibility of scientific evidence.

In Mills, the Court observed:

"It is not required that the results of accepted chemical testing methods be infallible to be admissible. If the test affords reasonable assistance to the triers of the fact, technical shortages in the manner or method of proof may affect its weight but do not control its admissibility."

133 Vt. at 17, 328 A.2d at 411-12 (quoting State v. Magoon, 128 Vt. 363, 367, 264 A.2d 779, 781 (1970)) (emphasis added). Compare this standard with that for expert testimony articulated in V.R.E. 702:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

V.R.E. 702 (emphasis added). Like any case in which scientific "facts" are at issue, the State should not be precluded from proving the reliability and accuracy of the DataMaster's infrared breath analysis with expert opinion. A contest...