State v. Campbell, 10382

• Decision Date: 18 December 1963
• Docket Number: No. 10382,10382
• Citation: 196 A.2d 131,97 R.I. 111
• Parties: STATE v. Daniel L. CAMPBELL. Ex.
• Court: Rhode Island Supreme Court

Page 131

196 A.2d 131

97 R.I. 111

STATE v. Daniel L. CAMPBELL.

Ex. No. 10382.

Supreme Court of Rhode Island.

Dec. 18, 1963.

J. Joseph Nugent, Atty. Gen., Corinne P. Grande, Sp. Counsel, for state.

Aram K. Berberian, Providence, for defendant.

CONDON, Chief Justice.

This is a criminal complaint for violation of G.L.1956, § 31-14-1. The defendant demurred to the complaint on the grounds that the offense as charged in the language of the statute was too vague and indefinite and that the statute itself for the same reason was violative of art. I, sec. 10, of the state constitution. The case is here on his bill of exceptions to the decision of the trial justice overruling the demurrer and to certain rulings during the trial. On our view of the case only the exception to the decision on the demurrer requires discussion.

Section 31-14-1 reads as follows:

'Reasonable and prudent speeds.--No person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing. In every event, speed shall be so controlled as may be necessary to avoid colliding with any person, vehicle, or other conveyance on or entering the highway in compliance with legal requirements and the duty of all persons to use due care.'

In State v. Noble, R.I., 186 A.2d 336, we stated that this section was incorporated by reference into § 31-14-2, which expressly prescribes what speeds are reasonable and prudent in certain specified situations and at different times of the day or night. In view of our comment in Noble we have now taken the position in State v. Brown, R.I., 196 A.2d 133, filed this day, that these two sections and also § 31-14-3 are to be read together in order to apprise a driver of the legislative standard for determining what is a reasonable and proper speed in the circumstances in which he finds himself. Unless this is done, we pointed out at some length in State v. Brown, a complaint charging the offense only in the language of § 31-14-1 could not meet the constitutional test of certainty set forth in State v. Scofield, 87 R.I. 78, 138 A.2d 415, and State v. Milne, R.I., 187 A.2d 136.

Here the accusation set out in the complaint is confined to the language of § 31-14-1, namely, that he did drive a vehicle on a highway of this state 'at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards, then existing * * *.' It is obvious that such language standing by itself without the aid of the standards in §§ 31-14-2 and 31-14-3 does not meet the constitutional requirement of reasonable certainty. It is so lacking in definiteness that a person of ordinary intelligence could not know at what speed he could drive and be within the law. He may only guess at its meaning and hope that the court and jury are in accord with his guess, but that is not sufficient. To be valid the offense charged must, as the New York court of appeals said in People v. Firth, 3 N.Y.2d 472, 474, 168 N.Y.S.2d 949, 950, 146 N.E.2d 682, 683, 'be informative on its face.'

In that case the court was confronted with a statute similar in its vagueness and indefiniteness to § 31-14-1. It provided that 'No person shall operate a motor vehicle or a motor cycle upon a public highway at such a speed as to endanger the life, limb or property of any person, nor at a rate of speed greater than will permit such person to bring the vehicle to a stop without injury to another or his property.' Vehicle and Traffic Law, McKinney's Consol. Laws, c. 71, § 56, subd. 1. The court held such language was 'too vague and indefinite to constitute a sufficient definition of criminal conduct and that it contains no sufficient standard by which a driver's conduct may be tested.'

The standard which the New York court found to be lacking in the statute before it was thus clearly identified by Justice Brewer in Tozer v. United States, 8 Cir., 52 F. 917, 919: 'But, in order to constitute a crime, the act must be one which the party is able to know in advance whether it is criminal or not. The criminality of an act cannot depend upon whether a jury may think it reasonable or...