State v. Cottrell

• Decision Date: 26 November 1975
• Docket Number: No. 43742,43742
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Appellant, v. Kerry Joseph COTTRELL, Respondent.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court

Page 130

86 Wn.2d 130

542 P.2d 771

STATE of Washington, Appellant, v. Kerry Joseph COTTRELL, Respondent.

No. 43742.

Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.

Nov. 26, 1975.

Helen A. Harvey, Deputy Pros. Atty., Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., Seattle, for appellant.

Weeks, Buren & Thorner, Neil C. Buren, Yakima, for respondent.

HUNTER, Associate Justice.

The defendant (respondent), Kerry Joseph Cottrell, was convicted for possession of amphetamines and heroin with the intent to deliver. The Court of Appeals, Division Three, reversed the judgment of the trial court by a two to one decision on the grounds of an illegal search and seizure. The State has appealed under CAROA 50(e).

At approximately 5 p.m., on June 28, 1973, Officer Michael K. Bansmer of the Yakima Police Department obtained a warrant to search the defendant's residence. The warrant also authorized the search of the defendant's person and one Charlotte Cresswell 'if found thereon.' While keeping the house under surveillance, Officer Bansmer, along with several other police officers, observed a woman loading a car. When it appeared that this individual was preparing to leave, the officers moved in and initiated their search of the house. It was discovered that the woman was Charlotte Cresswell's sister.

Shortly thereafter, Officer Bansmer observed the defendant and Charlotte Cresswell drive up and park their car in front of the residence. Officer Bansmer approached the car with his gun drawn and placed them under control as they were about to exist the car. The defendant and Miss Cresswell were escorted into the house at which time they were searched, resulting in the confiscation of amphetamines and heroin which were hidden in the defendant's boot. A thorough search of the house uncovered additional contraband and, after trasporting the defendant to police headquarters, another packet of heroin was discovered under the back seat of the patrol car.

The defendant moved unsuccessfully to suppress the above evidence and was subsequently convicted of possession of amphetamines and heroin with the intent to deliver.

Division Three of the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court on the grounds that the warrant did not authorize the police to seize the defendant unless found on the Premises. It rejected the argument that the search in this case was incident to a lawful arrest. We feel, however, that there was probable cause to palce the defendant under control after he parked the car and that the ensuing search was therefore a valid search incident to arrest. Consequently, we reverse.

The standard of probable cause required to justify a warrantless arrest is well recognized, State v. Gluck, 83 Wash.2d 424, 426, 518 P.2d 703 (1974), and has often been considered at length. See e.g., State v. Poe, 74 Wash.2d 425, 428--29, 445 P.2d 196 (1968); State v. Green, 70 Wash.2d 955, 958, 425 P.2d 913, Cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1023, 88 S.Ct. 598, 19 L.Ed.2d 670 (1967). The following quotation from State v. Todd, 78 Wash.2d 632, 365, 474 P.2d 542, 544 (1970), summarizes the basic elements of probable cause to arrest without a warrant:

In order to be justified in arresting without a warrant, an officer must believe and must have good reason to believe that a person has committed or is about to commit or is in the act of committing a felony. Not only must the officer have a real belief that the person is guilty, but that belief must be based upon reasonable grounds. Proper cause for arrest has often been defined to be a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in believing the accused to be guilty. State v. Palmer, 73 Wash.2d 462, 438 P.2d 876 (1968); State v. Easton, 69 Wash.2d 965, 422 P.2d 7 (1966); State v. Miller, 151 Wash. 114, 275 P. 75 (1929).

See State v. Gluck, supra; State v. Hughlett, 124 Wash. 366, 368, 214 P. 841 (1923).

Probable cause is based upon the totality of facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officer. It is not necessary that the knowledge or evidence establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, 'for in this area the law is concerned with probabilities arising from the facts and considerations of everyday life on which prudent men, not legal technicians, act.' State v. Parker, 79 Wash.2d 326, 328--29, 485 P.2d 60, 61 (1971).

The test is one of reasonableness considering the Time, the Place, and the Pertinent circumstances. Plancich v. Williamson, 57 Wash.2d 367, 357 P.2d 693 (1960). The standard of probable cause . . . is to be applied in the light of everyday experience, rather than according to strict legal formulae.

State v. Baxter, 68 Wash.2d 416, 420, 413 P.2d 638, 641 (1966). See Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175--76, 69 S.Ct. 1302, 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).

Furthermore, the arresting officer's special expertise in identifying criminal behavior must be given consideration. (P)robable cause for arrest should be examined in the light of the arresting officer's special experience, and . . . the standard should be, not what might appear to be probable cause to a passerby, but what...