State v. Cyr, 97-450.
| Decision Date | 29 January 1999 |
| Docket Number | No. 97-450.,97-450. |
| Citation | 726 A.2d 488 |
| Parties | STATE of Vermont v. Ronald CYR. |
| Court | Vermont Supreme Court |
William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, and David Tartter, Assistant Attorney General, Montpelier, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Robert Appel, Defender General, and Henry Hinton, Appellate Attorney, Montpelier, for Defendant-Appellant.
Present AMESTOY, C.J., and DOOLEY, MORSE and JOHNSON, JJ., and CHEEVER, Superior Judge, Specially Assigned.
Defendant Ronald Cyr was convicted of first degree aggravated domestic assault under 13 V.S.A. § 1043(a)(1) arising from an altercation that occurred during the early morning hours of February 8, 1997. On appeal, he claims the trial court erred by: (1) allowing the State under V.R.Cr.P. 7(d) to amend its single-count information during trial; (2) denying his motion at sentencing to redact statements he made during the presentence investigation (PSI); and (3) refusing to grant him use immunity before allocution. We affirm.
At trial, evidence was introduced that defendant and his girlfriend returned to her residence after the two spent an evening drinking in a Barre bar. An argument ensued and defendant attacked her. She described the attack as one of repeated closed blows to the face, choking, smothering, and tearing of her facial skin with his fingers. During this attack, defendant said he would kill her. She escaped to a neighbor's home and called the police.
Defendant did not take the stand and offered no evidence to dispute his girlfriend's version of the event. In the PSI report prepared after trial, however, defendant's version of the attack differed substantially from hers. According to him, after the two returned from the bar they started arguing, and she grabbed and twisted two of his fingers, breaking one of them. He pushed her away, and she hit a doorway. She then smacked him in the face, whereupon he hit her in the back. She dug her fingernails deep into his neck, at which point he scratched her in the face. Defendant estimated that the entire episode lasted sixty seconds.
The State charged in a single-count information that defendant "did attempt to cause or willfully or recklessly caused serious bodily injury to a family or household member." At the close of the State's case, defendant moved for acquittal under V.R.Cr.P. 29 (), arguing that the information was impermissibly vague and that State's failure to elect "what exactly it is they are charging" warranted dismissal.
Addressing defendant's motion, the court stated: The court gave the State until the next day to amend its information to articulate "what the specific act or acts are."
The defense again moved to dismiss on the basis that the amended information charged defendant with multiple alternative offenses, and the State had failed to elect a theory of the case.
The trial court denied the motion but instructed the jury to consider a variety of possible verdicts. The court submitted a total of twelve different verdict forms to the jury, which required jurors to choose among different combinations of elements potentially sufficient for a conviction. Specifically, in order to return a verdict of guilty, jurors had to choose one of three types of culpability — willfully caused bodily harm, willfully attempted to cause bodily harm, or recklessly caused bodily harm. They also had to choose between the State's two factual theories, i.e., whether the assault was accomplished by "smothering or choking" or by "the entire course of conduct culminated by clawing-digging [the victim's] face." Finally, because defendant had requested instructions on the lesser-included offense of domestic assault, jurors had to choose between harms resulting in bodily injury or "serious" bodily injury, the former being sufficient for a nonaggravated domestic assault conviction. The court instructed the jury that it could return a guilty verdict on only one of the twelve possible theories.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty indicating that defendant had "Recklessly Caused Serious Bodily Injury by substantial disfigurement by the entire course of conduct culminated by clawing-digging the face of ... a family or household member." Subsequently, defendant filed a motion for arrest of judgment under V.R.Cr.P. 34 () and, alternatively, a motion for new trial under V.R.Cr.P. 33, arguing that the State's amendment of the information during trial violated V.R.Cr.P. 7. The trial court denied the motion.
Defendant's first claim is that the State violated V.R.Cr.P. 7(d) () by alleging alternative offenses within a single count. We agree with the State that the amended information charged merely one crime and, albeit not simply, clarified the alternative means by which the offense was alleged to have been committed. Rule 7(b) states in part, "[t]he indictment or the information shall be a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged." V.R.Cr.P. 7(b). The State's initial information satisfied the requirement of Rule 7(b).
Defendant was charged with assaulting his girlfriend by hitting, smothering, choking, and clawing her. The acts of defendant were related to one attack. While the amended information did charge three offenses in the disjunctive, two — attempt and reckless action — are subsumed within the third, willful causation of serious bodily harm. See State v. Bolio, 159 Vt. 250, 253-54, 617 A.2d 885, 887 (1992) (); State v. Young, 139 Vt. 535, 542, 433 A.2d 254, 258 (1981) ().
Statutes may define an offense by two or more separate acts or transactions in the disjunctive, the whole may be charged in the conjunctive, and the accused may be found guilty of any one of the acts alleged. See State v. McDermott, 135 Vt. 47, 50-51, 373 A.2d 510, 513-14 (1977). The test is whether the information sets forth charges with sufficient particularity to reasonably indicate the exact offense charged and to enable a defendant to prepare a defense. See State v. Christman, 135 Vt. 59, 60, 370 A.2d 624, 625 (1977). The information may take several forms: conjunctive or disjunctive pleading of separate offenses within single counts, or pleading each offense in a separate count. See McDermott, 135 Vt. at 51, 373 A.2d at 513-14. We have stated that a disjunctive pleading is not fatal if "the offenses were not so separate and distinct as to require different evidence in prosecution and defense of them." Id., at 51, 373 A.2d at 513. The danger that some jurors may convict on evidence of one act while other jurors will rely on another, see State v. Zele, 168 Vt. ___, ___, 716 A.2d 833, 836 (1998), is not present here. Additionally, the concern that jurors may be swayed by the amount of evidence presented as to all the acts when there is inadequate proof on any one act alone, see id., is also absent given the court's instructions.
While the amendment to the information and resulting twelve alternative verdict forms was needlessly complicated, defendant brought the instruction upon himself by objecting to a more simplified presentation. Here, the trial court gave carefully tailored instructions to the jury, along with special verdict forms. The court made clear to the jury that it could only return one guilty verdict if jurors unanimously agreed with any of the verdicts. Thus the court eliminated any danger of unfair prejudice.
After receiving the PSI report, but prior to sentencing, defendant filed a motion to redact portions of the PSI. Defendant requested that certain statements made during his interview with a probation officer be stricken because they were obtained in violation of his right against self-incrimination and his right to counsel. Defendant first claims that the probation officer improperly obtained defendant's statements because Miranda warnings were not given to him before speaking with the officer.
At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel referred to Miranda warnings during her colloquy with the court. However, counsel made these references without citing any supporting case law as to why Miranda was even applicable to a PSI interview. Moreover, no factual record was developed to indicate whether defendant was "in custody," as that term is defined in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), or the nature of questioning at the PSI interview. Without such a factual record, the issue was not adequately presented and supported.
We note that the majority of courts that have addressed this...
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In re Carter
...at his PSI interview, he failed to invoke it. It argues that in this respect, the case is indistinguishable from State v. Cyr, 169 Vt. 50, 56, 726 A.2d 488, 492-93 (1999) (considering possible Sixth Amendment issue with denial of counsel at presentence interview, but holding that no Sixth A......
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In re Carter
...at his PSI interview, he failed to invoke it. It argues that in this respect the case is indistinguishable from State v. Cyr, 169 Vt. 50, 56, 726 A.2d 488, 492-93 (1999) (considering possible Sixth Amendment issue with denial of counsel at presentence interview, but holding that no Sixth Am......
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