State v. Diluzio, 28573–1–III.

• Decision Date: 12 July 2011
• Docket Number: No. 28573–1–III.,28573–1–III.
• Citation: 162 Wash.App. 585,254 P.3d 218
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent,v.Elmer Blake DILUZIO, Jr., Appellant.

162 Wash.App. 585

254 P.3d 218

STATE of Washington, Respondent,

v.Elmer Blake DILUZIO, Jr., Appellant.

No. 28573–1–III.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 3.

July 12, 2011.

David N. Gasch, Gasch Law Office, Spokane, WA, for Appellant.Mark Erik Lindsey, Andrew J. Metts III, Spokane County Prosecuting Attorney's Office, Spokane, WA, for Respondent.KULIK, C.J.

[162 Wash.App. 588] ¶ 1 Elmer B. Diluzio, Jr., was convicted of two counts of possession of a controlled substance. A police officer with 13 years of experience pulled over Mr. Diluzio's vehicle based on the officer's suspicion that Mr. Diluzio was soliciting prostitution. The area was known for prostitution. There was no police informant and the officer did not see money exchanged or overhear any conversation between Mr. Diluzio and the female pedestrian. Neither party was known to be involved in prostitution. The officer seized drugs found on Mr. Diluzio after a search incident to arrest.

¶ 2 On appeal, Mr. Diluzio contends his convictions should be reversed because the police officer lacked a reasonable suspicion to stop and investigate whether soliciting prostitution took place. Based on State v. Doughty, ¹ decided after the trial court's decision, we conclude that the totality of the circumstances do not support a reasonable suspicion that Mr. Diluzio was engaged in soliciting prostitution. Accordingly, we reverse the denial of the suppression motion and reverse the convictions for drug possession.

FACTS

¶ 3 At 10:40 p.m., on January 18, 2009, a Spokane police officer saw a vehicle stopped in the eastbound lanes of traffic on Sprague, approaching Sherman. The driver of the vehicle was talking to a female pedestrian through the passenger window. The police officer stopped in the lane of traffic behind the vehicle and watched as the woman got into the front passenger seat of the vehicle. There were no bus stops at the location, and the area was known for high levels of prostitution activity. Suspecting that solicitation of prostitution was occurring, the police officer stopped the vehicle.

¶ 4 When the officer asked the driver for identification, the man gave a false name. He then provided the officer with the name Elmer Blake Diluzio, Jr., which is the man's real name. Mr. Diluzio also disclosed there was a warrant for his arrest. The officer arrested Mr. Diluzio for failure to cooperate by providing the false identification. The officer also arrested Mr. Diluzio for the outstanding warrant.

¶ 5 During the search incident to arrest, a baggie with a white rock substance and a black tar-like substance was found in Mr. Diluzio's back pocket. The substances were field-tested and found to be methamphetamine and heroin. Mr. Diluzio was then additionally arrested for possession of a controlled substance.

¶ 6 The trial court denied Mr. Diluzio's motion to suppress. He was convicted of two counts of possession of a controlled substance. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

¶ 7 On review of the denial of a motion to suppress, this court must determine “whether substantial evidence supports the challenged findings of fact and whether the findings support the conclusions of law.” State v. Garvin, 166 Wash.2d 242, 249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009). Substantial evidence is “enough ‘to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the stated premise.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Reid, 98 Wash.App. 152, 156, 988 P.2d 1038 (1999)). A trial court's conclusions of law following a suppression hearing are reviewed de novo. State v. Bailey, 154 Wash.App. 295, 299, 224 P.3d 852, review denied, 169 Wash.2d 1004, 236 P.3d 205 (2010). Further, the question of whether an investigatory stop, or warrantless seizure, is constitutional is a question of law reviewed de novo. Id.; see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

¶ 8 “The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against unlawful search and seizure.” State v. Doughty, 170 Wash.2d 57, 61, 239 P.3d 573 (2010) (footnote omitted). Article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution protects against unlawful government intrusions into private affairs. Id. A seizure occurs when, considering all of the surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person would not feel free to leave. State v. Richardson, 64 Wash.App. 693, 696, 825 P.2d 754 (1992) (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980)). This includes situations involving traffic stops. Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 62, 239 P.3d 573.

¶ 9 One exception to the prohibition on warrantless seizures is a law enforcement officer's investigatory stop of a vehicle if he or she has a reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity is indicated. State v. Little, 116 Wash.2d 488, 497–98, 806 P.2d 749 (1991). The State must establish the exception by clear and convincing evidence. Garvin, 166 Wash.2d at 250, 207 P.3d 1266.

¶ 10 To be lawful, an investigatory stop, also referred to as a Terry stop, must be based on “specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant [the] intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868. The standard for articulable suspicion is “a substantial possibility that criminal conduct has occurred or is about to occur.” State v. Kennedy, 107 Wash.2d 1, 6, 726 P.2d 445 (1986). “A Terry s top requires a well-founded suspicion that the defendant engaged in criminal conduct.” Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 62, 239 P.3d 573. “A person's presence in a high-crime area at a ‘late hour’ does not, by itself, give rise to a reasonable suspicion to detain that person.” Id.

¶ 11 An investigatory stop must be justified at its inception. State v. Gatewood, 163 Wash.2d 534, 539, 182 P.3d 426 (2008). A court must consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the investigatory stop to evaluate reasonableness. State v. Glover, 116 Wash.2d 509, 514, 806 P.2d 760 (1991). In particular, the experience of the officer, the location of the stop, and the conduct of the defendant are factors used to determine if the officer's suspicions are reasonable. Id.

¶ 12 Mr. Diluzio contends his convictions must be reversed because the officer lacked a reasonable suspicion to believe that Mr. Diluzio was committing a crime.

¶ 13 In Richardson, police stopped Jerry Richardson in an area known for high drug activity as he was walking with a man suspected of being a drug runner. Richardson, 64 Wash.App. at 697, 825 P.2d 754. The officer asked Mr. Richardson and the other man if he could talk to them and then asked them to empty their pockets and put their hands on the trunk of the car. Id. at 696, 825 P.2d 754. After Mr. Richardson consented to a search, the officer found cocaine in Mr. Richardson's pocket and arrested him for possession of a controlled substance. Id. at 695, 825 P.2d 754.

¶ 14 The court found that the seizure was unreasonable, based on the fact that “[a] person's presence in a high crime area does not, by itself, give rise to a reasonable suspicion to detain him.” Id. at 697, 825 P.2d 754. In addition, at the time of the seizure, the officer knew only that he was in a high crime area and that Mr. Richardson was walking with an individual suspected of criminal activity. Significantly, the officer did not hear any conversations or see any suspicious activity between the two men to justify a seizure. Id. These facts indicated that the officer did not have a reasonable suspicion to believe a crime had occurred or was about to occur. Id.

¶ 15 In Doughty, the police stopped Walter Doughty's car after he briefly visited a suspected drug house at 3:20 a.m. Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 60, 239 P.3d 573. The information that the house was used to distribute drugs was based on complaints from neighbors and information provided by an informant. Id. The officer arrested Mr. Doughty after a records check revealed that Mr. Doughty's license was suspended. Id. The subsequent search of Mr. Doughty's vehicle revealed a pipe containing methamphetamine residue. Methamphetamine was found in Mr. Doughty's shoe at booking. Id. The trial court denied Mr. Doughty's motion to suppress, and he was convicted of one count of possession of methamphetamine. Id. at 61, 239 P.3d 573.

¶ 16 In Doughty, the court concluded that the officer's actions were based on his own “incomplete observations.” Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 64, 239 P.3d 573. The court determined that Doughty is factually similar to Richardson because the officer did not hear any conversations or observe any suspicious activities other than Mr. Doughty leaving a house in the middle of the night. Id. The court reasoned:

[P]olice never saw any of [Mr.] Doughty's interactions at the house.... The two-minute length of time [Mr.] Doughty spent at the house—albeit a suspected drug house—and the time of day do not justify the police's intrusion into his private affairs.

Id.

¶ 17 The court also compared the facts in Doughty to the facts in State v. Gleason, 70 Wash.App. 13, 851 P.2d 731 (1993). Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 64–65, 239 P.3d 573. In Gleason, a stop was found to be unreasonable when it was based only on the defendant's exit from an apartment building known for drug sales and the absence of any other behaviors indicating drug-related activity, such as carrying a suspicious package. Gleason, 70 Wash.App. at 18, 851 P.2d 731.

¶ 18 The Doughty court noted that the facts in Kennedy were distinguishable. Doughty, 170 Wash.2d at 63, 239 P.3d 573. In Kennedy, the police officer had information about a suspected drug house, as well as information from an informant alleging the defendant, Mr. Kennedy, went to the house to purchase drugs. Kennedy, 107 Wash.2d at 3, 726 P.2d 445.

¶ 19 The officer saw Mr. Kennedy's car in front of the house. After Mr. Kennedy exited the house, the police officer pulled him over. Id. The officer observed Mr. Kennedy place something under the front seat of the car....