State v. Ebert
Decision Date | 30 July 1998 |
Docket Number | CA-CR,No. 1,1 |
Citation | 964 P.2d 487,192 Ariz. 286 |
Parties | , 275 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 17 STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. Julie Elizabeth EBERT, Appellant. 97-0709. |
Court | Arizona Court of Appeals |
Grant Woods, Attorney General By Paul J. McMurdie, Chief Counsel, Criminal Appeals Section, Jack Roberts, Assistant Attorney General, Phoenix, for Appellee.
Dean W. Trebesch, Maricopa County Public Defender By Louise Stark, Deputy Public Defender, Phoenix, for Appellant.
¶1 Julie Elizabeth Ebert ("defendant") appeals her conviction and sentence in Maricopa County Superior Court for possession of methamphetamine. She asserts that, although she did not object below, the presence of a non-Maricopa County resident on her jury venire, against whom she exercised a peremptory challenge, deprived her of the right to exercise her full complement of peremptory challenges, mandating reversal. We hold that the objection was waived and that there was no fundamental error. A prospective juror's lack of statutory residency does not constitute bias or prejudice, and to exercise a peremptory challenge against such a venire member is not a detriment comparable to the exercise of a peremptory challenge against a veniremember who should have been excused by the trial court for cause.
¶2 The defendant was charged with possession of methamphetamine, a class four felony, and the case proceeded to trial in Maricopa County Superior Court. In the course of jury selection, veniremember G. 1 disclosed that he was not a resident of Maricopa County but lived and worked in Pinal County. Neither counsel objected to G.'s non-resident status, and the trial court took no action sua sponte to excuse G., although it expressed surprise at his presence on the venire.
¶3 G. also informed the parties that he worked with law enforcement as a corrections officer. The defendant ultimately exercised a peremptory challenge to strike him.
¶4 The jury found the defendant guilty. The trial court suspended sentence and placed the defendant on probation for two years. It also ordered the defendant to complete 360 hours of community service and to pay a fine of $1000.
¶5 Every juror must be a resident of the jurisdiction in which he is summoned to serve. ARIZ.REV.STAT. ANN. § 21-201. 2 G. expressly advised the parties and the trial court that he was not a resident of Maricopa County, the jurisdiction in which he had been called for jury duty. It was error, therefore, for the trial court not to excuse G.
¶6 Similarly, the defendant took no action to remove G. from the venire because of the statutory violation. Having failed to object, she argues now that, because the trial court had an independent obligation to remove G., its failure constitutes reversible error. We disagree.
¶7 The failure to object to a trial error generally constitutes waiver, absent fundamental error. State v. Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 572, 858 P.2d 1152, 1175 (1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1046, 114 S.Ct. 1578, 128 L.Ed.2d 221 (1994). A lapse regarding the statutory qualification of a juror is subject to a claim of waiver. United States v. Gale, 109 U.S. 65, 67, 3 S.Ct. 1, 27 L.Ed. 857 (1883)(statute disqualifying from service anyone who voluntarily took part in "the rebellion;" waiver applied "in cases where the objection does not go to the subversion of all the proceedings taken in impaneling and swearing the grand jury, but relates only to the qualification or disqualification of certain persons sworn upon the jury or excluded therefrom, or to mere irregularities in constituting the panel") waiver of basis for grand juror disqualification on reason of ; Application of Williams, 85 Ariz. 109, 333 P.2d 280 (1959) ( ); Vincent v. Smith, 13 Ariz. 346, 347, 114 P. 557, 557 (1911)() ; State v. Marcham, 160 Ariz. 52, 55, 770 P.2d 356, 359 (App.1988)(defendant knew but failed to lodge objection to deaf juror who utilized interpreter during trial) waiver of statutory basis for objection when ; see Kohl v. Lehlback, 160 U.S. 293, 302, 16 S.Ct. 304, 40 L.Ed. 432 (1895) ( ); State v. Bravo, 131 Ariz. 168, 170-71, 639 P.2d 358, 360-61 (App.1981) ( ).
¶8 The trial court easily could have corrected the error had the defendant timely objected, which is the rationale behind the principle of waiver. E.g., State v. Walton, 159 Ariz. 571, 580-81, 769 P.2d 1017, 1026-27 (1989). And the nature of G.'s disqualification from service was not a question of "the subversion of all of the proceedings" but related "to mere irregularities in constituting the panel," Gale, 109 U.S. at 67, 3 S.Ct. 1, a topic suitable for the application of the waiver doctrine. Id.; Vincent, 13 Ariz. at 347, 114 P. at 557; Marcham, 160 Ariz. at 55, 770 P.2d at 359; Bravo, 131 Ariz. at 170-71, 639 P.2d at 360-61. Thus we conclude that, absent fundamental error, the failure to object to the non-resident status of a panelist waives the issue on appeal. 3
¶9 We find no fundamental error. Fundamental error goes to the very foundation of the case and takes from the defendant a right essential to her defense. Bible, 175 Ariz. at 572, 858 P.2d at 1175. It is error of such magnitude that the defendant cannot possibly have received a fair trial. Id. Such is not this case. Indeed, the defendant does not maintain that G.'s residence outside Maricopa County was a circumstance of such bias as to jeopardize the impartiality of the proceedings. Rather, she asserts that reversal is required because, having been forced to "waste" a peremptory challenge on a panelist who should not have been present on the venire, she had fewer peremptory strikes than had the prosecution. As such, the defendant contends, she was deprived of a "substantial right" and the due process of law. 4
¶10 First, the defendant's own failure to object, which she attributes either to "ignorance, or a lapse in memory," caused G.'s disclosed non-resident status to pass unchallenged. We are unwilling to reward such inaction or to allow counsel to hold an error to himself until conviction and review. See Jacob v. Miner, 67 Ariz. 109, 113, 191 P.2d 734, 736-37 (1948)() ; see also Northern Arizona Supply v. Stinson, 73 Ariz. 109, 114, 238 P.2d 937, 940 (1952)(citing Jacob, 67 Ariz. at 113, 191 P.2d at 736-37) ; State v. Islas, 132 Ariz. 590, 592, 647 P.2d 1188, 1190 (App.1982)("[A] party who ... contributes to an error cannot complain of it."); State v. Mead, 120 Ariz. 108, 111, 584 P.2d 572, 575 (App.1978)("[A party will not] be permitted to take advantage of an error which was a natural consequence of his own actions.").
¶11 Second and more to the point, regardless of the reason for G.'s continued presence on the venire, there was no fundamental error. In Kohl, 160 U.S. at 302, 16 S.Ct. 304, the United States Supreme Court, citing Gale, 109 U.S at 72, 3 S.Ct. 1, concluded in response to an argument involving a statutory-based disqualification of a juror that "[t]he defect is not fundamental as affecting the substantial rights of the accused and the verdict is not void for want of power to render it." Arizona cases similarly do not identify fundamental error under comparable circumstances. E.g., Marcham, 160 Ariz. at 55, 770 P.2d at 359 (...
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