State v. Ellefson

• Citation: 224 S.E.2d 666,266 S.C. 494
• Decision Date: 20 April 1976
• Docket Number: No. 20209,20209
• Court: United States State Supreme Court of South Carolina
• Parties: The STATE, Respondent, v. Duane Ivan ELLEFSON, Appellant.

Page 666

224 S.E.2d 666

266 S.C. 494

The STATE, Respondent, v. Duane Ivan ELLEFSON, Appellant.

No. 20209.

Supreme Court of South Carolina.

April 20, 1976.

H. F. Partee and W. Daniel Yarborough, Jr., Greenville, for appellant.

Atty. Gen. Daniel R. McLeod, Asst. Atty. Gen. Joseph R. Barker and Staff Atty. Robert N. Wells, Jr., Columbia, and Solicitor W. W. Wilkins, Jr., Greenville, for respondent.

NESS, Justice:

Appellant, Duane Ellefson, was convicted of breach of trust and sentenced to five years imprisonment. He raises two questions: (1) Did the trial judge err in characterizing one of the State's witnesses, Karen Tinsley, as hostile and permitting the State to cross examine her? (2) Should evidence, admitted over the appellant's objection, have been excluded as a product of an illegal search and seizure? We find no merit in the first question, however, we agree with the second. The conviction is reversed and remanded for a new trial.

After being sworn as a witness, Miss Tinsley completely repudiated a pretrial, sworn statement and testified in favor of the appellant. The solicitor requested the jury be excused, moved that the witness be declared hostile and that he be allowed to impeach her with the prior inconsistent statement. The court examined Miss Tinsley and determined that earlier in the day, she told the solicitor she would testify consistent with her pretrial statement. The court held that the State had been surprised by the witness' testimony, and declared her a hostile witness.

Appellant's counsel resisted the motion. He argued the State should have known the witness would repudiate her prior statement because she was a traveling companion of the appellant and visited him frequently throughout his pretrial detention. Appellant did not offer testimony to dispute the State's position.

Ordinarily, counsel may not contradict his own witness by introducing inconsistent statements made by the witness. This rule is inapplicable when a witness is declared hostile. In order to have the witness declared hostile on the ground of surprise, it is essential that the party has been actually surprised by the testimony, or deceived or entrapped into introducing the witness because of the contradictory statements. However, a party who introduces a witness will not be permitted to avail himself of a feigned surprise in order to get to the jury contradictory statements of the witness previously given, when such statements are otherwise incompetent. State v. Harvey, 253 S.C. 328, 170 S.E.2d 657 (1969); Gilfillan v. Gilfillan, 242 S.C. 258, 130 S.E.2d 578 (1963); State v. Nelson,192 S.C. 422, 7 S.E.2d 72 (1940).

Whether a party has been surprised is largely a matter within the discretion of the trial judge. The facts in the instant appeal are similar to State v. Trull, 232 S.C. 250, 101 S.E.2d 648 (1958). In Trull, for procedural reasons, the issue of surprise was not properly raised on appeal; however, the court approvingly quoted from State v. Wolfe, 109 W.Va. 590, 156 S.E. 56, 57 (1930). 'What greater surprise the prosecuting attorney could have had (than) by a denial of positive statements made before the grand jury (here in writing before State and County law enforcement officers) cannot easily be imagined.' (Language in parenthesis from the Trull opinion.) 232 S.C. p. 253, 101 S.E.2d p. 649. The appellant has failed to demonstrate an abuse of discretion in this case.

The second exception alleges error in the admission of three very incriminating letters written by the appellant to Miss Tinsley while in pretrial confinement at the Greenville County Jail. ¹ The letters were obtained by the State through the efforts of a detective who was Not connected with the operation of the jail. His efforts were entirely investigatory and in pursuit of securing a conviction. The detective was given permission to read and photocopy the letters by the jailor who routinely scanned outgoing mail as a security precaution.

The State relies principally upon Stroud v. United States, 251 U.S. 15, 40 S.Ct. 50, 64 L.Ed. 103 (1919) in which a convicted prisoner, while serving his sentence, was charged with killing a guard at the prison. At the subsequent murder trial, certain incriminating letters were introduced into evidence. The defendant had written them while in prison and they had been seized by prison officials. The court ruled the letters were properly admitted. It stated:

'In this instance the letters were voluntarily written, no threat or coercion was used to obtain them, nor were they seized without process. They came into the possession of the officials of the penitentiary under established practice, reasonably designed to promote the discipline of the institution. Under such circumstances there was neither testimony required of the accused, nor unreasonable search and seizure, in violation of his constitutional rights.' 251 U.S. at 21--22, 40 S.Ct. at 53. (Emphasis supplied).

Stroud has spawned a host of decisions upholding introduction of evidence resulting from prison inspections. In each instance, the search was either explicitly or implicitly conceived as being properly calculated to maintain prison or jail security. See cases catalogued in 52 A.L.R.3d 548.

The State has cited three cases for the proposition that photocopying of letters is proper even when the purpose is solely for use as evidence. United States v. Wilson, 447 F.2d 1 (9th Cir. 1971); Denson v. United States, 424 F.2d 329 (10th Cir. 1970); and Cox v. Crouse, 376 F.2d 824 (10th Cir. 1967). In each case, jail security justified the initial search and reading of the letters.

The recent case of Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 94 S.Ct. 1800, 40 L.Ed.2d 224 (1974) casts grave doubt upon the continued vitality of Stroud. Although Procunier was a class action suit by prison inmates attacking mail censorship by prison officials and was analyzed in terms of First Amendment rights, the court's analysis applies forcefully to the instant case. The court reconfirmed the need and desirability of granting wide discretion to officials in the operation of jail facilities, but it invalidated indiscriminate censorship of prison mail. Censorship was justified only if the State satisfied a two prong test. 'First, the regulation or practice in question must further an important or substantial governmental interest unrelated to the suppression of expression. . . .. Second, the Limitation of First Amendment freedoms must be no greater than is necessary or essential to the protection of the particular governmental interest involved.' (Emphasis supplied) at page 1811.

Here the appellant was merely in pretrial confinement. The only legitimate purpose for confining him was to insure his presence at trial. Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 72 S.Ct. 1, 96 L.Ed. 3 (1951). If jail security justified surveillance of his mail, then the Jail officials could open the letters in order to achieve that legitimate government purpose. However, the shibboleth of jail security is not a passport to wholesale abuse of the appellant's constitutional rights.

When a pretrial detainee remains in custody, he is not disrobed of his constitutional rights and laid bare for the zealous investigation of his case. He is cloaked with the presumption of innocence. His rights are curtailed only to the extent 'justified by the considerations underlying our penal system.' Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 285, 68 S.Ct. 1049, 1060, 92 L.Ed. 1356 (1948). Even a convicted prisoner does not shed basic constitutional rights at the prison gate. Rather, he 'retains all the rights of an ordinary citizen except those expressly, or by necessary implication, taken from him by law.' Coffin v. Reichard, 143 F.2d 443, 445 (6th Cir. 1944), Procunier v. Martinez, supra, Marshall concurring page 1816.

The testimony of the detective refutes the idea that the search was for any legitimate jail purpose. ² No warrant was issued. Therefore, '--the most basic constitutional rule in this area is that 'searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment--subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions." Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454, 455, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 2032, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971). There must be a showing by the State that 'the exigencies of the situation made that course imperative.' McDonald v. U.S., 335 U.S. 451, 456, 69 S.Ct. 191, 93 L.Ed. 153 (1948).

Here, there were no exigent circumstances, nor any attempt to show the existence of probable cause. The opening and reading of the letters was entirely exploratory and contravenes the very purpose of the constitutional safeguard against unreasonable searches and seizures. Additionally, the search impinged upon the appellant's First Amendment right, as incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment, to be able to communicate without the uninvited ears and eyes of the government. As Mr. Justice Holmes observed over a half century ago, 'the use of the mails is almost as much a part of free speech as the right to use our tongues . . .' Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson, 255 U.S. 407, 437, 41 S.Ct. 352, 363, 65 L.Ed. 704 (1921) dissenting opinion quoted with approval in Blount v. Rizzi, 400 U.S. 410, 416, 91 S.Ct. 423, 428, 27 L.Ed.2d 498 (1971).

What is particularly disturbing here is the context in which this search took place. When an accused is not bailable, he is somewhat disadvantaged in preparing for trial. If he is to marshall facts in support of his defense, he necessarily must rely on persons outside the jail. Stack v. Boyle, supra. Perhaps an accused may have to run the risk of exposing his communications to a jailor, if jail security justifies opening and reading all incoming and outgoing mail. ³ But see Mr. Justice Marshall's concurring opinion in Procunier v. Martinez, supra. Nonetheless, to allow...