State v. Ellwood

• Decision Date: 25 July 1988
• Docket Number: No. 20473-4-I,20473-4-I
• Citation: 52 Wn.App. 70,757 P.2d 547
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Appellant, v. Steven John ELLWOOD, Respondent.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 70

52 Wn.App. 70

757 P.2d 547

STATE of Washington, Appellant, v. Steven John ELLWOOD, Respondent.

No. 20473-4-I.

Court of Appeals of Washington Division 1.

July 25, 1988.

Reconsideration Denied Aug. 29, 1988.

Seth R. Dawson, Snohomish County Pros. Atty., Seth A. Fine, Andrea Dahl, Deputy County Pros. Attys., Everett, for appellant State of Wash.

Julie A. Kesler, Washington Appellate Defender, Seattle, for respondent Steven John Ellwood.

PEKELIS, Judge.

The State of Washington appeals the trial court's order suppressing evidence obtained from a search incident to the arrest of Steven Ellwood. We affirm.

I.

On October 7, 1986 at around midnight, Detective William Deckard was patrolling in his car when he noticed the defendant, Steven Ellwood, and a companion near an alley in an area of Everett with a history of burglaries and assaults. Detective Deckard testified that even though he observed nothing suspicious about the pair, he intended to detain them to conduct a field interview or to call back-up units in the event that they continued walking. After stopping his car, Detective Deckard walked up to the two young men, flashlight in hand, and asked them what they were doing in the area. ¹ Because he felt their answers were unsatisfactory, ² he asked them for their names and dates of birth, which they gave to him verbally. Deckard then told the two to "[w]ait right here" while he went to his patrol car to conduct a warrant check. Upon hearing of an outstanding warrant for Ellwood, Detective Deckard arrested him and, in the course of a search, discovered cocaine and a measuring scale.

On the basis of the evidence presented, the trial court concluded, inter alia:

2. That Deckard's investigatory stop of Ellwood was not supported by articulable and objective facts that would have reasonably caused the officer to believe that either Ellwood or the other person were involved in, had been involved in, or were about to be involved in any criminal activity.

3. That the stop was made merely because Deckard had observed Ellwood in what is known as a high crime area.

4. That under all the circumstances, a reasonable person in the position of Ellwood would not have felt free to leave when Deckard first approached Ellwood and made the statement that caused Ellwood to stop.

5. That under all the circumstances, a reasonable person in Ellwood's position would not have felt free to leave throughout the duration of the investigatory stop.

6. That the investigatory stop of Ellwood constituted a "seizure" under both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the Washington Constitution.

* * *

8. That the evidence sought to be suppressed was discovered as a direct result of the illegal seizure of the defendant.

II.

The State contends that the trial court erred in concluding that a seizure occurred when Detective Deckard initially approached Ellwood, arguing that a police officer's request for identification is not a "seizure" activating Fourth Amendment safeguards. While merely requesting identification, without more, does not constitute a seizure under the Fourth Amendment, State v. Aranguren, 42 Wash.App. 452, 455, 711 P.2d 1096 (1985) (citing Immigration & Naturalization Serv. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 80 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984)), a seizure does occur when the circumstances surrounding the encounter demonstrate that a reasonable person would believe he was not free to leave. Delgado, 466 U.S. at 216, 104 S.Ct. at 1768; United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980). Whether a reasonable person would believe he was detained depends on the particular, objective facts surrounding the encounter. See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. at 1877.

In determining that the initial stop of Ellwood and his companion was such that "a reasonable person in the position of Ellwood would not have felt free to leave", the trial court may well have been influenced by certain matters which only it, as the trier of fact, could observe. However, as a general rule, the approach of a uniformed officer carrying a gun is not in itself a sufficient show of force to instill in one the reasonable belief that he is being detained. State v. Belanger, 36 Wash.App. 818, 820, 677 P.2d 781 (1984); Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. at 1870. Here, the trial court's findings do not articulate any specific objective facts other than Detective Deckard's uniformed presence to support its conclusion that the initial stop constituted an illegal detention. Furthermore, the trial court seems to rely on the testimony of Detective Deckard that he would have detained Ellwood had he attempted to walk away. Detective Deckard's unexpressed subjective intent is immaterial on the issue of whether a reasonable person would feel free to leave. See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554 n. 6, 100 S.Ct. at 1877 n. 6.

Nevertheless, a seizure did occur, as the State concedes, when Detective Deckard told Ellwood and his companion to "[w]ait right here". At this point Ellwood and his companion were not free to leave. Such a detention, which is short of a full-blown arrest, is permissible only where police officers can point to specific and articulable facts that indicate that someone has committed or is committing a crime. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22, 30, 88...