State v. Falcon

• Decision Date: 02 July 1985
• Court: Connecticut Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE of Connecticut v. John FALCON.

Page 1190

494 A.2d 1190

196 Conn. 557

STATE of Connecticut v. John FALCON.

Supreme Court of Connecticut.

Argued April 9, 1985.

Decided July 2, 1985.

Erskine D. McIntosh, Asst. Public Defender, with whom, on the brief, was Joette Katz, Public Defender, for appellant (defendant).

Donald A. Browne, State's Atty., with whom, on the brief, was Dominick J. Galluzzo, Asst. State's Atty., for appellee (state).

Before PETERS, C.J., and HEALEY, SHEA, DANNEHY and SANTANIELLO, JJ.

PETERS, Chief Justice.

The principal issue in this criminal appeal is whether there is a constitutional right to counsel once extradition proceedings have been instituted. The defendant, John Falcon, was indicted for murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54(a). The trial court accepted a jury verdict finding the defendant guilty as charged, and he has appealed. We find no error.

The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On June 24, 1979, Edward Moran was stabbed to death in an abandoned building in Bridgeport. He had been tied to a bed that was then set on fire.

The defendant was first apprehended by the police on the day of the crime when he was trying to sell the victim's car for $150. The defendant had previously been sought by the police with respect to an unrelated crime for which the police had an outstanding warrant. Upon interrogation the defendant gave the police two statements, neither of which was directly incriminatory. The police turned the defendant over to the United States army when they discovered that he was absent without leave.

Further inquiries led the police again to suspect that it was the defendant who had slain Moran. An arrest warrant charging the defendant with murder was obtained, and proceedings to extradite him from New Jersey were initiated. The defendant waived extradition and was returned to police headquarters in Bridgeport on September 1, 1979. There the defendant gave the police a written statement admitting that he had stabbed Moran.

At the trial, the court permitted the state, over the defendant's objection, to introduce into evidence all the statements that he had made to the police. The defendant had unsuccessfully challenged their admissibility at a pretrial hearing in which he argued that the statements were not voluntary for a number of reasons, including the absence of counsel.

The trial court also permitted the state to introduce photographic evidence that showed not only the scene of the crime but also the body of the victim. The defendant duly objected that this evidence should have been excluded as inflammatory and unnecessary, but his objection was overruled.

The defendant's appeal from his conviction for murder raises two issues. The defendant argues that: (1) his statements were inadmissible because they were secured in violation of his constitutional right to counsel under the sixth amendment to the United States constitution as applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment and under article first, § 8 of the Connecticut constitution; and (2) the photographs of the victim were inadmissible because they were so inflammatory as to prejudice the defendant's due process right to a fair trial.

I

The defendant's challenge to the admissibility of his statements rests on the proposition that the statements were made after the commencement of adversary judicial criminal proceedings. The defendant does not claim any violation of his fifth amendment right to counsel during custodial interrogation under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478-79, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 1629-30, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). Relying instead on the sixth amendment to the United States constitution, ¹ and article first, § 8 of the Connecticut constitution, ² he argues that it was improper to elicit self-incriminating evidence in the absence of counsel because formal criminal proceedings had been commenced against him either upon the issuance of an arrest warrant or upon the initiation of extradition proceedings. We disagree.

We have consistently held that a defendant's right to counsel under the sixth amendment or its state constitutional counterpart ³ arises only " 'at or after the initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings--whether by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information or arraignment.' Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 689, 92 S.Ct. 1877, 1882, 32 L.Ed.2d 411 (1972)." State v. Vitale, 190 Conn. 219, 232, 460 A.2d 961 (1983); State v. Ledbetter, 185 Conn. 607, 609, 441 A.2d 595 (1981); State v. Packard, 184 Conn. 258, 267, 439 A.2d 983 (1981); see also State v. Boulay, 189 Conn. 106, 112-13, 454 A.2d 724 (1983). The United States Supreme Court has recently reiterated this formulation and the rationale behind it. "[O]ur conclusion that the right to counsel attaches at the initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings 'is far from a mere formalism.' Kirby v. Illinois, supra, 406 U.S., at 689, 92 S.Ct., at 1882. It is only at that time 'that the government has committed itself to prosecute, and only then that the adverse positions of government and defendant have solidified. It is then that a defendant finds himself faced with the prosecutorial forces of organized society, and immersed in the intricacies of substantive and procedural criminal law.' Ibid." United States v. Gouveia, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 2292, 2299, 81 L.Ed.2d 146 (1984); see State v. Vitale, supra, 190 Conn. at 233, 460 A.2d 961.

Following the initiation of the adversarial process, the defendant is entitled to the presence of counsel at certain crucial proceedings, including interrogation. Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 401, 97 S.Ct. 1232, 51 L.Ed.2d 424, reh. denied, 431 U.S. 925, 97 S.Ct. 2200, 53 L.Ed.2d 240 (1977); Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201, 84 S.Ct. 1199, 12 L.Ed.2d 246 (1964); see State v. Vitale, 190 Conn. at supra, 231, 460 A.2d 961; State v. Jones, 187 Conn. 504, 506, 446 A.2d 1080 (1982). Resolution of the defendant's claim that he was entitled to counsel at his interrogation thus depends upon whether either the issuance of an arrest warrant or the initiation of extradition, both of which occurred prior to his interrogation, can be said to have commenced formal adversarial judicial proceedings.

The defendant's first claim, which focuses on the issuance of an arrest warrant, is foreclosed by State v. Vitale, 190 Conn. at supra, 231-33, 460 A.2d 961. There we held that an arrest, whether or not accompanied by a warrant, does not mark the start of adversarial judicial proceedings.

The defendant maintains that Vitale should not control for two reasons. First, he asserts that Vitale is distinguishable because the defendant in that case was arrested for a crime unrelated to the one for which he was eventually convicted. Our holding in Vitale, however, did not rely on the ancillary nature of the arrest. The opinion is unequivocal in espousing the position, shared by other courts, that an interrogation following an arrest, but prior to arraignment or indictment, does not call into play the sixth amendment right to counsel. State v. Vitale, supra, 232-33, 460 A.2d 961; see, e.g., United States v. Purham, 725 F.2d 450, 454 (8th Cir.1984); United States v. Guido, 704 F.2d 675, 676 (2d Cir.1983); United States v. Duvall, 537 F.2d 15, 20-22 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 950, 96 S.Ct. 3173, 49 L.Ed.2d 1188 (1976); United States v. Anderson, 575 F.Supp. 31, 33-34 (S.D.N.Y.1983); State v. Smith, 209 Neb. 86, 87, 306 N.W.2d 181 (1981); State v. Judge, 100 Wash.2d 706, 714, 675 P.2d 219 (1984); cf. O'Hagan v. Soto, 725 F.2d 878, 879 (2d Cir.1984); United States ex rel. Robinson v. Zelker, 468 F.2d 159, 161 (2d Cir.1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 939, 93 S.Ct. 1892, 36 L.Ed.2d 401 (1973). In the alternative, the defendant contends that we should reconsider our position in Vitale, because in this state, unlike other jurisdictions, the state's attorney is a member of the judicial branch, so that a prosecutorial request for an arrest warrant in Connecticut arguably signals the commencement of "judicial" proceedings. We are not persuaded by this argument. Neither the request of a state's attorney, nor the action of a court in granting that request, converts an arrest warrant into an official accusation signaling the state's commitment to prosecute. Cf. Lomax v. State, 629 F.2d 413, 416 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1002, 101 S.Ct. 1712, 68 L.Ed.2d 205 (1981). In sum, the defendant's interrogation in the absence of counsel following the issuance of a warrant for his arrest did not violate his sixth amendment right to counsel.

The defendant's principal contention is that formal adversarial proceedings were initiated by the commencement of the extradition process. The state obtained a warrant for the defendant's arrest on August 29, 1979. Subsequently, the defendant was arrested in New Jersey and charged with being a fugitive from justice from the state of Connecticut. A hearing was held in New Jersey on August 31, 1979, at which the defendant was informed of the charges against him in Connecticut, and of his rights to formal extradition proceedings and to contest extradition. ⁴ The defendant agreed to waive extradition and to return to Connecticut.

At the time the state of Connecticut initiated the extradition process, it had not yet formally charged the defendant with murder. Since the defendant was not indicted by a grand jury until October 10, 1979, ⁵ the charges upon which he was arrested in New Jersey were simply those contained in the information attached to the August 29, 1979 arrest warrant. ⁶ The respective positions of the state and the defendant were thus no different when extradition was initiated than when the arrest warrant was issued.

The question before us is whether extradition itself triggers so critical a confrontation between an accused and a prosecutor that counsel is constitutionally required for that reason alone. Contrary...