State v. Fan

• Citation: 445 N.W.2d 243
• Decision Date: 05 September 1989
• Docket Number: No. CX-88-2467,CX-88-2467
• Parties: STATE of Minnesota, Respondent, v. David Suifong FAN, Appellant.
• Court: Minnesota Court of Appeals

Page 243

445 N.W.2d 243

STATE of Minnesota, Respondent, v. David Suifong FAN, Appellant.

No. CX-88-2467.

Court of Appeals of Minnesota.

Sept. 5, 1989.

Review Denied Oct. 31, 1989.

Syllabus by the Court

Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246, subd. 2 (1986), prohibiting the use of minors in sexual performances, is not substantially overbroad or unconstitutionally vague.

Hubert H. Humphrey, III, Atty. Gen., Tom Foley, Ramsey County Atty., Steven C. DeCoster, Asst. Ramsey County Atty., St. Paul, for respondent.

Howard Bass, Thomson & Ellis, Ltd., St. Paul, for appellant.

Heard, considered and decided by LANSING, P.J., and CRIPPEN and THOREEN, ^* JJ.

OPINION

LANSING, Judge.

This appeal challenges the constitutionality of Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246, subd. 2 (1986) which makes it a felony for a person to employ or permit a minor to engage in a sexual performance. Holding that the statute is not facially overbroad or unconstitutionally vague, we affirm the trial court's denial of appellant's post-trial motions.

FACTS

A Ramsey County jury convicted David Fan of employing and permitting 14-year-old T.M. to engage in a sexual performance. The trial judge sentenced Fan to concurrent sentences of a year and a day and stayed execution on specific conditions including a 30-day workhouse sentence.

The convictions arose out of Fan's activities as owner and operator of a St. Paul bar, the Belmont Club, which features nude dancers. He is also an officer and director of Dancing Angels, an agency that provides nude dancers for the Belmont and other local liquor establishments. Dancing Angels is managed by Nancy Osterman who hires the dancers subject to Fan's approval.

Dancing Angels hired T.M., then 13 years old, after an audition before Osterman and Fan. When asked for identification she stated she had left it at home. She was offered and signed an employment contract without identification and was told to bring identification with her when she returned for work. T.M. later produced an Unbank Card listing her age as 18. The Unbank Card, admitted into evidence, is used for check cashing identification and is obtained by filling out a form for which no documentation is required.

The evidence supporting the jury's determination that T.M. engaged in a sexual performance included the testimony of police officers Lawrence Rogers and Charles Lutchen, who observed T.M. perform at the Belmont on a stage in a corner behind glass and in front of mirrors. The stage is positioned at the same level as a narrow bar that is surrounded by stools where customers sit directly in front of the glass and slip money through narrow slits between the panel of glass. T.M. performed a 20-minute routine that included dancing to three songs.

T.M. performed the first dance with a halter wearing a short miniskirt which she lifted above her waist as she squatted down very close to the glass revealing her buttocks and pubic area. During the second dance T.M. wore only a halter top and high-heeled shoes and squatted near the glass with her knees spread, thrusting her pelvis and hips forward toward the patrons. In the third song T.M., wearing only her shoes, lay on her back with her knees up and spread apart, raising her hips to thrust her pubic area forward toward the patrons. During both the second and third songs she touched her breasts and pubic area with her fingers and partially inserted one finger into her vaginal area.

The trial court instructed the jury that mistake as to age was not a defense to the charges. After the trial Fan brought post-trial motions challenging the constitutionality of the statute and the court's preclusion of a fact defense based on mistake of age.

ISSUE

Is Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246, subd. 2 (1986) facially overbroad or unconstitutionally vague?

ANALYSIS

Overbreadth

Fan challenges the constitutionality of Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246 ¹ on the grounds that it is overbroad. He asserts that the statute's definitions of sexual performance would prohibit protectible First Amendment expression such as plays and movies addressing incest or pictorial representation in books promoting celibacy as a method of disease prevention.

Although a litigant is normally limited to constitutional challenges based on the facts at issue, a claim of first amendment overbreadth extends to potentially unconstitutional applications of a statute. New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 767, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982); Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 610, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 2914, 37 L.Ed.2d 830 (1973). This broader scope of review is a necessary counter balance when criminal sanctions restrict the ordinary review process available to determine legally protected expression. State v. Krawsky, 426 N.W.2d 875, 878 (1988).

Overbreadth must be substantial before a statute will be declared invalid. If a statute's legitimate reach "dwarfs its arguably impermissible applications," it will not be held facially invalid. Ferber, 458 U.S. at 773, 102 S.Ct. at 3363. This is particularly true when conduct and not merely speech is involved. Ferber, 458 U.S. at 770, 102 S.Ct. at 3361; Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 615, 93 S.Ct. at 2917.

In Ferber, the United States Supreme Court, analyzing a similar statute prohibiting distribution of material depicting sexual performances by minors, held the statute was not invalid for overbreadth. The court concluded that the statute permissibly prohibited the use of children as subjects of pornographic materials and that this legitimate application of the statute greatly overshadowed the possibility that the statute might prohibit protected educational, medical, or artistic works involving sexual performances by minors.

We are persuaded that the reasoning in Ferber applies. The purpose and language of Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246 prohibits the use of minors in sexual performances. Although it is marginally possible that the statute could reach a valid first amendment application, the statute does not substantially prohibit constitutionally protected expression. As the Ferber court concluded, any actual infringement of first amendment rights which may arise should be addressed on a case by case basis. Ferber, 458 U.S. at 774, 102 S.Ct. at 3364.

Vagueness

Fan also challenges the statute as unconstitutionally vague. He contends the phrase "lewd exhibition of the genitals" in subd. 1(e)(iii) is not sufficiently clear to draw a line between lawful and unlawful conduct, particularly when knowledge of the age of the minor is not an element of the offense. ²

The void-for-vagueness doctrine requires that penal statutes define offenses with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited. Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 1858, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983). A law is impermissibly vague if it fails to draw a reasonably clear line between lawful and unlawful conduct. Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 574-78, 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1247-59, 39 L.Ed.2d 605 (1974).

This court has previously determined that a criminal statute using the terms "lewdness" and "lascivious behavior" is not void for vagueness. Mankato v. Fetchenhier, 363 N.W.2d 76 (Minn.Ct.App.1985). Fan maintains that proscriptions against "lewd conduct" have been invalidated as insufficiently definite. Whether "lewd" or "lewd conduct" has the required specificity to withstand constitutional challenge need not be readdressed here. The statute at issue uses the word "lewd" followed by the more precise term, "exhibition of the genitals." This identical language was upheld in Ferber as sufficiently describing a category of material for proscription. Ferber, 458 U.S. at 765, 102 S.Ct. at 3358. The court stated: "The term 'lewd exhibition of the genitals' is not unknown in this area and, indeed, was given in Miller as an example of a permissible regulation." Id. (citing Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 25, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 2615, 37 L.Ed.2d 419 (1973)).

Fan claims that any vagueness in the statute is exacerbated by the provision that mistake as to the minor's age is not a defense. ³ The Supreme Court has recognized that the constitutionality of a vague statutory standard is closely related to whether that standard incorporates a requirement of mens rea. Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 395, 99 S.Ct. 675, 58 L.Ed.2d 596 (1979). This proceeds from a concern that the statute may punish without warning an offense of which the accused was unaware. Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 101-02, 65 S.Ct. 1031, 1035-36, 89 L.Ed. 1495 (1945).

We agree that intent is important if the statutory standard is uncertain. Here the statute specifically requires that a person subject to its enforcement must know or have reason to know that the conduct intended is a sexual performance. Minn.Stat. Sec. 617.246, subd. 2 (emphasis added). Intent in this case is specifically required as it relates to the challenged standard of "lewd exhibition of genitals."

The question, simply stated, is whether the term "lewd exhibition of genitals" reasonably gave Fan notice that it was illegal to employ a fourteen year old girl to perform the three dances described. We conclude that the statute gave adequate warning of the proscribed conduct and marked boundaries sufficiently distinct to administer and enforce the law.

Finally, in a challenge that implicates both the first amendment and due process protections, Fan argues that exclusion of mistake of age as a defense seriously chills protected speech. At least one federal circuit court, examining a similar child pornography statute, has determined that the first amendment requires a reasonable mistake of age defense. United States v. United States District Court for Central District of California, 858 F.2d 534 (9th Cir.1988).

Although we find the reasoning of this case instructive, we do not find it controlling. The elements to be considered in balancing the competing interests are not the same. In Ferber the court recognized the...