State v. Farber

• Decision Date: 28 February 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83,83
• Citation: 446 So.2d 1376
• Parties: STATE of Louisiana v. Clinton J. FARBER. KA 0929.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

Page 1376

446 So.2d 1376

STATE of Louisiana v. Clinton J. FARBER.

No. 83 KA 0929.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana First Circuit.

Feb. 28, 1984.

Writ Denied May 4, 1984.

Ossie B. Brown, Dist. Atty. by Richard Chaffin, Asst. Dist. Atty., Baton Rouge, for plaintiff-appellee.

Sam J. D'Amico, Baton Rouge, for defendant-appellant.

Before SHORTESS, LANIER and CRAIN, JJ.

SHORTESS, Judge.

On January 26, 1983, Clinton Farber (defendant) was charged by indictment with possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of La.R.S. 40:967(A) and (F). He later pled guilty, ¹ and pursuant to a plea bargain was sentenced to five years at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation or suspension of sentence and with credit for time served on this charge. Defendant appeals his conviction, alleging one assignment of error.

FACTS

On January 22, 1983, a confidential informant (C.I.) working with the East Baton Rouge Sheriff's Office provided deputies with a substance purchased from Ellis J. Hymel, Jr., which proved to be cocaine.

On January 25, 1983, the C.I. told deputies that Hymel was receiving a large shipment of cocaine later that night from a man coming from New Orleans and was to deliver five ounces of cocaine to him. Sgt. David Schultz set up a surveillance inside the C.I.'s apartment while Capt. Michele Fourrier and other deputies watched Hymel's apartment located at 1221 Bob Pettit Avenue. As the night progressed, Hymel telephoned the C.I. and told him that his man from New Orleans had not yet arrived but would be there soon. After 11:00 p.m., Fourrier and his men saw a white Chevrolet automobile with a "B" license plate ² arrive at Hymel's apartment. Defendant went into Hymel's apartment carrying a nylon gym bag. Then Hymel called to tell the C.I. that the man was at his apartment but did not want to do the deal there because there were too many people in the apartment. Hymel told the C.I. that he would bring a sample over, which he did. Hymel then returned to his apartment. Schultz field tested the substance, and it proved to be cocaine. Fourrier and his men watched Hymel and also his apartment during the entire proceeding. Hymel again left his apartment about 12:30 to deliver the remaining four ounces of cocaine. Fourrier and Lt. Steve Doerner arrested Hymel a few blocks away from his apartment, near the intersection of Burbank and Jennifer Jean Streets. They found a bag of cocaine on the floorboard of Hymel's car.

Meanwhile Schultz went to prepare a search warrant for Hymel's apartment. Fourrier, accompanied by several deputies including Lt. Doerner and Deputy Mary Kuntz, returned to Hymel's apartment. Kuntz was instructed to knock on Hymel's door. She knocked and asked for Ellis. When the door opened Fourrier and the other deputies, with drawn guns, entered the apartment where they found defendant and four unnamed individuals. Defendant was standing in the kitchen holding a .45 caliber automatic. He was told to drop the gun, which he did. He and the others were arrested and handcuffed, and the apartment was secured. As defendant was arrested, the deputies noticed a nylon gym bag which was unzipped at his feet. Protruding therefrom was a plastic baggie containing a white powdery substance. After the apartment was secured and the occupants restrained, the deputies waited until Schultz called to advise that the warrant had been issued. The apartment was then searched. The substance seen in the gym bag proved to be cocaine.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because the cocaine contained in the gym bag was seized unlawfully, as the deputies had no probable cause to arrest him, and exigent circumstances did not exist to excuse the warrantless entry into Hymel's apartment.

A search conducted without a warrant issued upon probable cause is per se unreasonable and is subject to only a few specifically established exceptions. One of those exceptions is a search incident to a lawful arrest. This particular search, however, is limited to the area within the arrestee's immediate control. State v. Drott, 412 So.2d 984 (La.1982). Here, the cocaine was between the feet of defendant in plain view and in an area within his immediate control. Thus, the evidence was the product of a valid search if defendant's arrest was valid. We find that the issue presented here is whether the warrantless entry of Hymel's apartment to make a warrantless arrest of defendant was valid.

It is a basic principle of the U.S. Fourth Amendment that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable. In terms that apply equally to seizures of property and to seizures of persons, the Fourth Amendment has drawn a firm line at the entrance to the house. Absent exigent circumstances, that threshold may not reasonably be erased without a warrant. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 1380, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980). A search warrant must also be obtained, absent exigent circumstances or consent, to enter the house of a third party to search for the subject of an arrest warrant. See Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981).

Although no arrest warrant was issued for defendant, La.C.Cr.P. art. 213 provides that a warrantless arrest may be made when there is "reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed an offense, although not in the presence of the officer."

The Louisiana Supreme Court in State v. Brown, 395 So.2d 1301, 1309 (La.1981), stated:

The standard for probable cause was recently enunciated in State v. Collins, 378 So.2d 928 (La.1980), where this Court reasoned:

"Probable cause to arrest exists when facts and circumstances within the arresting officer's knowledge and of which he has reasonable and trustworthy information are sufficient to justify a man of average caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing an offense. State v. Wilkens, 364 So.2d 934 (La.1978); State v. Johnson, 363 So.2d 684 (La.1978); State v. Marks, 337 So.2d 1177 (La.1976). Although mere suspicion cannot justify an arrest, State v. Thomas, 349 So.2d 270 (La.1977), the officer does not need sufficient proof to convict. State v. Randolph, 337 So.2d 498 (La.1976).

"One of the most important elements in determining whether probable cause existed is satisfied when the police know a crime has actually been committed. When a crime has been committed and the police know it, they only have to determine whether there is reasonably trustworthy information to justify a man of ordinary caution in believing the person to be arrested has committed the crime. In many cases the police do not know that a crime has been committed. When the arrest or search is made when the police do not know that a crime has been committed, more and better evidence is needed to prove that probable cause exists for the arrest than is the case when the police know a crime has been committed. State v. Johnson, supra."

The deputies were informed that someone arriving late that night from New Orleans would be delivering cocaine to Hymel. Defendant arrived after 11:00 p.m. in an automobile with a "B" license plate and entered Hymel's apartment carrying a nylon gym bag. Shortly thereafter,...