State v. Faucett

• Citation: 593 P.2d 559,22 Wn.App. 869
• Decision Date: 19 March 1979
• Docket Number: 3246-II and 3295-II,Nos. 3251-I,s. 3251-I
• Parties: The STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Darrell Wayne FAUCETT, Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeals of Washington

Page 869

22 Wn.App. 869

593 P.2d 559

The STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Darrell Wayne FAUCETT, Appellant.

Nos. 3251-II, 3246-II and 3295-II.

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 2.

March 19, 1979.

Robert B. Taub, Tacoma (appointed), for appellant.

Donald F. Herron, Pros. Atty., Joseph D. Mladinov, Senior Deputy Pros. Atty., Tacoma, for respondent.

REED, Judge.

Darrell Wayne Faucett appeals his convictions by a jury of second-degree robbery and taking a motor vehicle without permission. The appeal involves solely the validity of certain of the court's instructions to the jury. We affirm.

In the early morning hours of August 28, 1977, defendant entered a doughnut shop and demanded the keys to the car of the employee working behind the counter. Defendant kept his left hand in his pocket, giving the impression that he was armed. After saying that he had a bomb and threatening to "blast" the employee, defendant went to the back of the shop, took money from a bank bag, and escaped in the employee's car.

Defendant first assigns error to the court's instruction No. 11:

You are instructed that the intent to defraud and deprive, which is one of the elements of the offense of Robbery, as charged in the Information of this case, while it must be proved by competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, need not be proved by direct and positive evidence, but the existence of such intent may be established by proof of the acts of the parties and the facts and circumstances surrounding them; and in this connection, every person is presumed to intend the natural and usual consequences of his act.

This instruction is challenged on two grounds. First, defendant argues that it erroneously includes an intent to defraud and deprive as an element of robbery. RCW 9A.56.190 defines robbery to include (1) the unlawful taking (2) of personal property (3) from the person or presence of another (4) against his will (5) by the use or threatened use of force. ¹ The statutory elements presuppose that intent to deprive the victim of the property is a necessary element of robbery. See, e. g., State v. Byers, 136 Wash. 620, 622, 241 P. 9 (1925); State v. Carter, 4 Wash.App. 103, 109, 480 P.2d 794 (1971). As stated by Professors W. LaFave and A. Scott in their Handbook on Criminal Law S 94 (1972), at page 692:

Robbery consists of all six (common law) elements of larceny . . . plus two additional requirements: (1) that the property be taken from the person or presence of the other and (2) that the taking be accomplished by means of force or putting in fear.

(Footnotes omitted.) The elements of theft a crime equated with larceny in our revised criminal code, RCW 9A.56.100 are defined in RCW 9A.56.020 to include the intent to deprive. ²

We note that in instruction No. 7, the court properly informed the jury of the elements of robbery by closely paraphrasing RCW 9A.56.190. Inasmuch as the intent to deprive is an element of larceny, or theft, and is also an underlying element of robbery, the challenged instruction No. 11, when taken together with instruction No. 7, was not erroneous.

It is true that the reference to an "intent to Defraud and deprive" in instruction No. 11 was somewhat out of place in this prosecution because, while deception is an element of some forms of theft, it was not a necessary element of proof of this robbery. Defendant contends that keeping his hand in his pocket while demanding the victim's car keys may have allowed the jury to follow instruction No. 11 and convict him of robbery based upon a "trick" rather than a threatened use of force. But this holds no water. The jury could not have convicted defendant of robbery without finding, under the definitional instruction No. 7, together with related instruction Nos. 10 and 12, that the money was taken by the use or threatened use of force. ³ The instructions, when construed as a whole, correctly stated the elements of robbery, and the use of the word "defraud" in instruction No. 11 was not prejudicial error. Cf. State v. Flores, 18 Wash.App. 255, 566 P.2d 1281 (1977) (the use of the word "substantial" to describe a reasonable doubt was erroneous, but not prejudicial error).

The second prong of defendant's challenge to instruction No. 11 is that the rule of State v. Roberts, 88 Wash.2d 337, 562 P.2d 1259 (1977), is violated by the statement that every person is presumed to intend the natural and usual consequences of his act. Roberts requires that if a presumption is used to establish an element of a criminal offense, the fact presumed must follow from the facts proven beyond a reasonable doubt. We have recently passed upon the validity of the challenged phrase in State v. Vandiver, 21 Wash.App. 269, 276, 584 P.2d 978 (1978), and State v. Osborne, 18 Wash.App. 318, 569 P.2d 1176 (1977). Although we continue to adhere to the reservations expressed in Vandiver about the instruction, we likewise find no error in its use here.

Defendant's next assignment of error is against the underlined portion of the court's instruction No. 22 which told the jury that:

When you go into your jury room to deliberate upon your verdict, while you may discuss the case together and reason with one another, before you make up your verdict, each of you must make up your own mind without reference to the other jurors whether or not the defendant is guilty. The defendant is entitled to an unbiased opinion of each and every juror, and if any juror is not convinced of the defendant's guilt as charged, beyond a reasonable doubt, he should not surrender his opinion thereon for the purpose merely of having an agreed verdict.

In short, when men and women are jurors they sit as individuals so far as their individual verdict is concerned, and each juror should be governed by his own conscience and not by the minds and conscience of his or her fellow jurors.

This instruction does not mean that the jury shall not discuss the evidence with each other before arriving at their conclusions thereon. It means that a juror should not consent to a verdict which he thinks contrary to the evidence out of mere deference to his fellow jurors. A juror, however, has the right to consider whether a doubt in his mind is a reasonable one which makes no impression on the minds of others, equally honest and equally intelligent with himself, who have heard the testimony out of which the doubt arises, and he may properly change his views because of his consideration.

(Emphasis added.)

The alleged defect in this language is that it could coerce a lone holdout in a jury deadlocked 11 to 1 to change his vote in the interests of reaching a verdict, because it suggests that the holdout should surrender his opinion. Albeit with some reluctance, we upheld the use of the same instruction, in the face of a similar challenge, in State v. Butler, 9 Wash.App.347, 513 P.2d 67 (1973). We agree that the instruction fails to make it entirely clear that a juror ought not abandon his personal conviction. See United States v. Bilotti, 380 F.2d 649, 654 (2d Cir. 1967). A preferable instruction is WPIC, 11 Wash.Prac. 1.04 (1977), which articulates more concisely the jurors' duty to consult among themselves, yet not surrender their individual convictions solely because of the opinions of others or in order to reach a verdict. ⁴ Nevertheless, as in Butler, we decline to hold that this instruction, taken in its entirety, misled the jurors in their responsibility not to surrender their individual verdicts to the majority opinion.

Finally, defendant contends instruction No. 20 is faulty because it told the jury they "will be slow to believe that any witness has testified falsely in the case." The entire instruction is as follows: You are the sole and exclusive judges of the evidence and of the credibility of the several witnesses and of the weight to be attached to the testimony of each. In weighing the testimony of a witness, you have a right to consider his demeanor upon the witness stand, the apparent fairness or lack of fairness, the apparent candor or lack of candor of such witness, the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the story such witness relates, and the interest, if any, you may believe a witness feels in the result of the trial, and any other fact or circumstance arising from the evidence which appeals to your judgment as in any wise affecting the credibility of such witness, and to give to the testimony of the several witnesses just such degree of weight as in your judgment it is entitled to.

You will be slow to believe that any witness has testified falsely in the case, but if you do believe that any witness has wilfully testified falsely to any material matter, then you are at liberty to disregard the testimony of such witness entirely, except in so far as the same may be corroborated by other credible evidence in the case.

(Emphasis added.)

The defendant asserts this instruction improperly sets up a presumption of witness credibility which is inconsistent with the presumption of innocence. Stated another way, the jury should view the State's witnesses with some degree of skepticism, but if they are instructed to assume the witnesses are truthful, they are less likely to find a reasonable doubt. Also, it is alleged to be a comment on the...