State v. Gopher, 80-276

• Decision Date: 14 September 1981
• Docket Number: No. 80-276,80-276
• Parties: The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Thane GOPHER, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 1195

633 P.2d 1195

194 Mont. 227

The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Thane GOPHER, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 80-276.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted on Briefs June 10, 1981.

Decided Sept. 14, 1981.

Donovan & Anderson, Great Falls, for defendant and appellant.

Mike Greely, Atty. Gen., Helena, J. Fred Bourdeau, County Atty., Great Falls, for plaintiff and respondent.

DALY, Justice.

Defendant Thane Gopher was charged on October 16, 1979, with aggravated assault, section 45-5-202(1)(d), MCA by an information filed in Cascade County District Court. The information alleged that defendant purposely or knowingly caused bodily injury to a peace officer by kicking him in the leg. Defendant entered a plea of not guilty.

On April 1, 1980, a jury returned a verdict of guilty and the court sentenced defendant to three years in the Montana State Prison, with all of the sentence suspended except for the first six months which was to be served in the Cascade County jail. On June 23, 1980, the court excused defendant from serving any further time in jail on the requirement that he complete certain conditions of employment. Defendant appeals his conviction.

On the morning of October 5, 1979, an automobile in which defendant was a passenger was stopped for "erratic" driving. The deputy sheriff requested the operator's license of the driver, defendant's brother, who was unable to produce one. After receiving the necessary information from the driver, the deputy sheriff issued a citation and inquired as to the identities of the passengers. Upon learning the names of the passengers, the deputy sheriff checked with the sheriff's office to ascertain if there were any outstanding warrants on the passengers. When the deputy sheriff was informed that there was an outstanding burglary warrant for "Jay Thane Gopher," he approached the vehicle and asked the passengers which one was Thane Gopher. Defendant hesitated but identified himself and exited the vehicle upon the deputy's request. He was then informed by the deputy that he was under arrest for burglary.

Before defendant was placed in the patrol vehicle, he was patted down and handcuffed. At this time defendant became verbally abusive and verbally threatened the deputy sheriff. Defendant also refused to get into the backseat of the patrol car and physically resisted the deputy sheriff by kicking him in the leg just above the knee. Thereafter, defendant fell back into the patrol car and continued to resist the deputy sheriff by kicking at him. Finally, the deputy, with assistance from another officer, pushed defendant into the car far enough to get the door closed.

The basis for the charge of aggravated assault was the "bodily injury" that the deputy sheriff received from the defendant's kick to the deputy's leg. When questioned about the nature and degree of the injury, the deputy sheriff testified that his leg was discolored and sore for about a week but that the injury did not require any medical treatment whatsoever.

The issues presented for review are:

1. Whether, by refusing to include an offered instruction on resisting arrest, the trial court committed reversible error?

2. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support a verdict beyond a reasonable doubt?

3. Whether the trial judge had proper jurisdiction?

Defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by not instructing the jury that the offense of resisting arrest was a lesser included offense of aggravated assault. It is a basic rule in this state that the trial court's instructions must cover every issue or theory having support in the evidence. State v. Buckley (1976), 171 Mont. 238, 557 P.2d 283. This Court in State v. Ostwald (1979), Mont., 591 P.2d 646, 651, 36 St.Rep. 442, 448, stated that, "... a defendant is entitled to instructions on lesser included offenses if any evidence exists in the record which would permit the jury to rationally find him guilty of a lesser offense and acquit him of a greater." See also State v. Baugh (1977), 174 Mont. 456, 571 P.2d 779; State v. Bouslaugh (1978), 176 Mont. 78, 576 P.2d 261; State v. Radi (1978), 176 Mont. 451, 578 P.2d 1169. Further, this Court in State v. Hamilton (1980), Mont., 605 P.2d 1121, 1129, 37 St.Rep. 70, 77, emphasized that, "(w)e have consistently held that such an instruction is required where there is some evidence to support the lesser offense."

The State argues that the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on the offense of resisting arrest because the offenses of resisting arrest and aggravated assault are not inherently related and this Court should adopt the "inherent relationship" test to determine if the two offenses are inherently related.

The "inherent relationship" test is a product of several United States Supreme Court cases culminating in Keeble v. United States (1973), 412 U.S. 205, 93 S.Ct. 1993, 36 L.Ed.2d 844. In Keeble the Court held that "... the defendant is entitled to instructions on a lesser included offense, if evidence would permit the jury rationally to find him guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the greater." 412 U.S. at 208, 93 S.Ct. at 1995. In other words, the test to be applied is, if the lesser offense is supported by the evidence and is "inherently related" to the greater offense, then the instruction should be given to the jury.

This test does not differ in any appreciable way from the standard that has been used in this state. See State v. Ostwald (1979), Mont., 591 P.2d 646, 36 St.Rep. 442. Therefore, there is no reason to adopt the "inherent relationship" test.

The State's contention that resisting arrest cannot possibly be a lesser included offense of aggravated assault is erroneous. The basis for its contention is that the two sections, 45-5-202(1)(d), MCA (aggravated assault), and 45-7-301, MCA (resisting arrest), protect two totally different interests in our society. It argues that the aggravated assault section protects the physical safety of peace officers while they perform their duties and that the resisting arrest section protects society's interest in preventing suspects from thwarting an arrest. Therefore, the State concludes, there is not a sufficient relationship between the two sections to require the lesser included offense...