State v. Gordon

• Decision Date: 14 January 1955
• Docket Number: No. 722,722
• Citation: 241 N.C. 356,85 S.E.2d 322
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE, v. Marion GORDON.

Page 322

85 S.E.2d 322

241 N.C. 356

STATE, v. Marion GORDON.

No. 722

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Jan. 14, 1955

Atty. Gen. Harry McMullan and Asst. Atty. Gen. Claude L. Love for the State.

Buford T. Henderson, Winston-Salem, for defendant, appellant.

BOBBITT, Justice.

When the killing with a deadly weapon is admitted or established, two presumptions arise: (1) that the killing was unlawful; (2) that it was done with malice; and an unlawful killing with malice is murder in the second degree. In State v. Gregory, 203 N.C. 528, 166 S.E. 387, where the defense was that an accidental discharge of the shotgun caused the death of the deceased, it was stated that the presumptions arise only when there is an intentional killing with a deadly weapon; and since the Gregory case it has been often stated that these presumptions arise only when there is an intentional killing with a deadly weapon. But the expression, intentional killing, is not used in the sense that a specific intent to kill must be admitted or established. The sense of the expression is that the presumptions arise when the defendant intentionally assaults another with a deadly weapon and thereby proximately causes the death of the person assaulted. State v. Cephus, 239 N.C. 521 80 S.E.2d 147; State v. Wingler, 238 N.C. 485, 78 S.E.2d 303; State v. Jones, 188 N.C. 142, 124 S.E. 121. A specific intent to kill, while a necessary constitutent of the elements of premeditation and deliberation in first degree murder, is not an element of second degree murder or manslaughter. The intentional use of a deadly weapon as a weapon, when death proximately results from such use, gives rise to the presumptions. State v. Quick, 150 N.C. 820, 64 S.E. 168. The presumptions do not arise if an instrument, which is per se or may be a deadly weapon, is not intentionally used as a weapon, e. g., from an accidental discharge of a shotgun.

The defendant's plea is self-defense. There is neither evidence nor contention that the shotgun discharged accidentally. The defendant's testimony and contention is that he shot the deceased when under the reasonable apprehension that it was necessary to do so in order to protect himself from death or great bodily harm. The State offered plenary evidence and the defendant admitted that death proximately resulted from shotgun wounds so inflicted. Support of the defendant's plea of self-defense arises out of the defendant's evidence, principally his own testimony, not out of the State's evidence. Under these facts, the presumptions arose; and so it was incumbent upon the defendant to satisfy the jury of the truth of facts which justified or mitigated the killing in accordance with legal principles too well settled to warrant reiteration.

From the foregoing, it appears that there was no error in overruling the motions for judgment as in case of nonsuit; and, under the court's instructions, it was for the jury to determine, in accordance with their findings as to facts, whether the defendant was guilty of second degree murder or manslaughter or not guilty. The case was properly submitted to the jury in this manner.

The defendant insists that the court erred in the admission of testimony of the sheriff, a State's witness, as to declarations made by deceased. The facts necessary for an understanding of this assignment of error are set out below.

In the hospital Emergency Room, between 6 and 6:30 P. M., Dr. Glod, a medical expert, found the condition of deceased to be as follows: Located in the upper left abdomen, there was a ragged wound, four to five inches in diameter. His intestines were outside his abdominal cavity. He was suffering from profound shock. By intravenous fluids and blood transfusions he was prepared for an emergency operation. At operation it was found that there were severe, multiple perforations of the upper five feet of his small intestines, with perforations through the area where blood is supplied to these intestines and multiple perforations to the left side of his large bowel. His left kidney was completely shattered along the lower half. He had a deep wound in his muscles in the back, right below the kidney, with shattering of the lateral portions of his spine in that area. The wound extended to a point approximately two inches from the surface of the skin in the back and contained wadding and numerous metallic pellets. There was no wound of exit. During and after the operation he was given approximately sixteen pints of blood. Dr. Glod remained with him constantly until he died, some eight and one-half hours after the operation, as the result of this gunshot wound.

E. G. Shore, high sheriff of Forsyth County, testified that he saw the deceased in the hospital Emergency Room about 7 o'clock P.M. and then talked with him. This was their only conversation. The doctors and nurses were working in and out of the room while he was there. The deceased was conscious.

Upon objection to testimony as to their conversation, the court, in accordance with the approved practice, excused the jury. In the absence of the jury, the sheriff testified: 'I said to him, 'Joe, you are seriously wounded, and you may not survive.' He said to me, he says, 'Sheriff, I will never make it. I can't make it.' I says, 'Now, if you have got any statement to make, tell me the truth, because it may be your last one.' ' Upon this testimony, particularly the deceased's statement that he knew he would not make it, the court ruled that the sheriff's testimony as to the declarations of the deceased, relating to the res gestae, would be competent.

Upon the return of the jury, the sheriff was asked what conversation he had with Boyles in the hospital Emergency Room. After repeating substantially the same testimony he had given in the absence of the jury, he continued: 'And I said, 'Did this man have any cause or reason to shoot you?' He says, 'None whatsoever.' ' It is noted that defendant did not object to this question, but promptly moved that the answer be stricken. The court immediately allowed defendant's motion. It is apparent that both the motion and the ruling were addressed to the declaration of deceased to the effect that defendant had no cause to shoot him; for the court, in explanation of the ruling, pointed out that such declarations were admissible only when the testimony itself could have been given by the declarant, if living, as a witness in court, and therefore must relate to facts and circumstances, not conclusions.

The record as to what then transpired is as follows:

'The Solicitor: What was said there about who did the shooting? A. I asked him if Marion Gordon shot him, and he said he did.

'Q. Did he tell you where he was at the time Marion shot him? A. Yes sir, he did.

'Q. Where did he say he was? A. Up near the barn.

'Q. Did he make any statement to you about whether he was doing anything at all to Marion Gordon? Objection Overruled and defendant, in apt time, excepts--Exception No. 1. A. He said he was not.

'The Court: The Court allows the character of the question, so far as any leading is concerned. Did you say he said he was at the barn, Sheriff? A. Yes sir.

'The Solicitor: Did he tell you where he was standing at the time he was shot by Marion Gordon? A. He said he was standing just outside of his automobile.

'Q. What inquiry did you make, Sheriff, about what, if anything, he was doing to Marion Gordon at the time? A. I asked him if he was doing awnything to Marion Gordon, and he said he was not.'

The further testimony of the sheriff relates to his observations at the scene where the shooting occurred and is not pertinent to the assignment of error under discussion.

It does not appear that the defendant objected to any of the foregoing questions except: 'Q. Did he make any statement to you about whether he was doing anything at all to Marion Gordon?', to which the witness...