State v. Henderson, 52446

• Decision Date: 19 January 1988
• Docket Number: No. 52446,52446
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Thomas HENDERSON, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals

Page 583

743 S.W.2d 583

STATE of Missouri, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Thomas HENDERSON, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 52446.

Missouri Court of Appeals,

Eastern District,

Division Two.

Jan. 19, 1988.

Donald L. Wolff, Jacquelyn A.J. Rubemeyer, Clayton, for defendant-appellant.

William L. Webster, Atty. Gen., Carrie Francke, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for plaintiff-respondent.

STEPHAN, Presiding Judge.

Defendant, Thomas Henderson, was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis of attempted kidnapping in violation of § 564.011 RSMo. He was sentenced as a persistent offender to fifteen years in the Missouri Department of Corrections. Defendant appeals; we affirm.

On September 1, 1985, at approximately 10:30 a.m., Vadia Travis was walking north on Tucker Boulevard. Ms. Travis stepped onto the viaduct, near Chouteau, on the east side of the street when a blue Cadillac approached from the south and pulled up parallel to her. The driver offered Ms. Travis a ride which she refused. The conversation continued for approximately "two to three minutes" while Ms. Travis continued walking north, the car keeping pace with her.

The driver then demanded that Ms. Travis get into the car. As he made the demand he tapped a gun against the car's windshield.

Ms. Travis decided to escape by running south on the east side of the Tucker Boulevard viaduct. The driver made a U-turn on Tucker in order to pursue her. Seeing this, Ms. Travis jumped off the viaduct and fell approximately ten to fifteen feet, injuring herself in the process.

Vincent Jones, a security guard at the Continental Bakery Company on Gratiot (just below the Tucker Boulevard viaduct), was on duty at the time. He noticed a woman running on the bridge, suddenly stop, then jump over the side. As Mr. Jones was assisting the woman, the blue Cadillac pulled into the parking lot. Mr. Jones spoke with the driver who accused Ms. Travis of stealing his wallet. Mr. Jones suggested that the driver wait for the police to arrive, but he drove off after a few seconds.

At approximately 10:45 a.m. that same morning Kathy Greve was driving north on Tucker Boulevard when she saw a woman, she later identified as Ms. Travis, running south. She also observed a blue Cadillac driving parallel to Ms. Travis which appeared to be causing her distress. As Ms. Greve drove past the blue Cadillac, she was able to get a "fleeting look" at the driver's profile. Ms. Greve looked back through her rearview mirror and saw Ms. Travis jump over the viaduct. She stopped her car and ran to the spot from which Ms. Travis jumped. Ms. Greve saw Ms. Travis was being attended to. She then saw the blue Cadillac head toward the parking lot where Ms. Travis landed. As the car passed her, Ms. Greve was able to see the other side of the driver's profile and the back of his head. A few moments later the blue Cadillac passed her again heading north on Tucker. Ms. Greve wrote down the license plate number, drove home and contacted the police.

Later that day, Detectives Trevor and Simon went to Charter Regional Hospital where Ms. Travis had been taken. The detectives had checked the license plate number supplied by Ms. Greve and discovered it was registered to the defendant. They brought along some photographs for Ms. Travis to look at. Defendant's photograph was on top of the stack and Ms. Travis identified it without looking at any of the others. After she identified the photo, one of the detectives made the statement that this was the photograph of the man who owned the blue Cadillac.

Ten days later, September 11, 1985, Detectives Trevor and Campbell arrested defendant while he was operating the Cadillac in an alley behind his home. At that time they discovered that defendant needed the assistance of crutches because he is missing part of one leg.

Later that same day, Ms. Travis and Ms. Greve attended a line-up at the St. Louis Police Department. Ms. Greve was hesitant to make an identification before going in but did go through and make a positive identification. During the line-up, all the men were seated so as not to draw attention to defendant's missing leg. Both women identified defendant as the driver of the blue Cadillac.

At trial defendant presented evidence that various black males besides defendant drove the Cadillac, often without permission. There was also conflicting testimony concerning defendant's hairstyle. The witnesses to the incident described the driver as having a medium afro. Several of defendant's witnesses testified that defendant's hair was chemically relaxed, making it straight in September 1985.

Defendant raises four points on appeal: 1) The trial court erred in not suppressing the identifications because the circumstances surrounding them were unduly suggestive and violated due process; 2) the trial court should have granted defendant's motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the evidence because the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict; 3) the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion for mistrial in that the prosecutor made an improper closing argument which denied defendant his right to a fair trial; and, 4) the trial court should have granted defendant's motion for judgment of acquittal because the verdict form was filled out improperly by the jury.

Defendant's first point is a question that the United States Supreme Court has examined in great detail. The test outlined in Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1967) and Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972), was adopted by Missouri in State v. Higgins, 592 S.W.2d 151, 159-160 (Mo. banc 1979). In order to determine whether due process has been violated, we employ a two-step analysis. Ibid. at 159. First, the identification procedures are examined to determine if they are impermissibly suggestive. Second, if they were impermissibly suggestive, we determine if the identification is otherwise reliable. Reliability is examined by the totality of the circumstances. Factors to consider are: the opportunity of the witness to see the criminal at the time of the crime; the witness' degree of attention; the accuracy of the description; the level of certainty; and, the length of time passed between the crime and the identification. Ibid. at 160. Against these factors we weigh the effect of a tainted identification. Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 2253, 53 L.Ed.2d 140, 154 (1977).

Viewing the totality of the circumstances here, we cannot find that Ms. Travis' and Ms. Greve's in-court identifications were unduly tainted by the pre-trial identifications. Ms. Travis was able to observe the defendant from a short distance for two to three minutes on the viaduct, and then again for a few seconds on the Continental Bakery Company parking lot. Ms. Greve, on the other hand, only got fleeting profile looks, but her attention was peaked because of the situation.

Defendant claims that the descriptions given by the witnesses were inaccurate and, therefore, unreliable. We cannot say that the descriptions were greatly inaccurate. There were only minor discrepancies between the descriptions and the defendant's appearance. This goes to weight and credibility and is a question for the jury to decide. State v. Stamps, 569 S.W.2d 762, 766 (Mo.App.1978). Both Ms. Travis and Ms. Greve were able to pick defendant out of the line-up and again at trial. Most importantly, they were both very certain about their identifications, which is a key factor in determining the reliability of such evidence. State v. Trimble, 654 S.W.2d 245, 255 (Mo.App.1983).

We also find that while the photograph identification procedure was not performed with the utmost care, it was not inherently unreliable. In general, the practice of displaying a single photograph to a witness is viewed with some suspicion. Manson, 432 U.S. at 116, 97 S.Ct. at 2254, 53 L.Ed.2d at 155. In this case, however, Ms. Travis was shown defendant's photograph first only because it was on top of a stack of photographs. There was no prompting or coercion from the detectives to get her to choose that photograph. The statement, made by one of the detectives, that it was a picture of the owner of the blue Cadillac was made after the identification and, therefore, did not suggest it.

We hold that, under the two-part test, the identifications were reliable. Both witnesses had time and opportunity to observe the defendant, both were very sure of their identifications, and there was only a ten day interval between the crime and...