State v. Hernandez
Decision Date | 21 February 2013 |
Docket Number | No. 2 CA–CR 2012–0225.,2 CA–CR 2012–0225. |
Citation | 654 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 13,231 Ariz. 353,295 P.3d 451 |
Parties | The STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. Susan Irene HERNANDEZ, Appellant. |
Court | Arizona Court of Appeals |
OPINION TEXT STARTS HERE
Thomas C. Horne, Arizona Attorney General By Kent E. Cattani, Joseph T. Maziarz, and David A. Sullivan, Tucson, Attorneys for Appellee.
Davis Miles McGuire Gardner, PLLC By Kirk Smith, Tempe, Attorneys for Appellant.
¶ 1 In this appeal from her conviction and sentence for luring a minor for sexual exploitation, entered after a jury trial, Susan Hernandez argues the trial court erred in sentencing her to a mitigated, two-year prison term rather than suspending her sentence and placing her on probation. Specifically, she maintains the trial court's imposition of a prison term punished her for refusing to make statements about her offense to a probation officer, thereby violating her Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate herself. For the following reasons, as well as those expressed in a separate memorandum decision, we affirm the conviction and sentence.1
¶ 2 Before sentencing Hernandez to a mitigated term of imprisonment, the trial court stated it did not intend to place her on probation, citing a probation officer's report that Hernandez had declined to make any statements about her offense during the presentence investigation and, in the officer's opinion, would “not be able to successfully participate in sex offender treatment programs or probation” which “require frequent and frank discussion of the details of the offense that she says she didn't commit.” Hernandez maintains “nothing in the record ... suggests [she] was unwilling to participate in a counseling program”—as long as she “did not have to incriminate herself further by discussing the details of her case, or the surrounding circumstances.” Citing Jacobsen v. Lindberg, 225 Ariz. 318, 321, 238 P.3d 129, 132 (App.2010), and State v. Hardwick, 183 Ariz. 649, 656, 905 P.2d 1384, 1391 (App.1995), she asserts the trial court's stated reasons for “excluding probation as a sentencing possibility” violated her right to remain silent.2
¶ 3 “We will not disturb a sentence that is within the statutory range absent an abuse of the trial court's discretion.” State v. Joyner, 215 Ariz. 134, ¶ 5, 158 P.3d 263, 266 (App.2007). And we will find such an abuse of discretion “only if the court acted arbitrarily or capriciously or failed to adequately investigate the facts relevant to sentencing.” State v. Cazares, 205 Ariz. 425, ¶ 6, 72 P.3d 355, 357 (App.2003).
¶ 4 It is well-settled that a state “may not impose substantial penalties because a witness elects to exercise his Fifth Amendment right not to give incriminating testimony against himself.” Lefkowitz v. Cunningham, 431 U.S. 801, 805, 97 S.Ct. 2132, 53 L.Ed.2d 1 (1977). Nor may a state “compel [ ] testimony by threatening to inflict potent sanctions unless the constitutional privilege is surrendered.” Id. Thus, this court has concluded a defendant's sentence may not be aggravated based on his “lack of contrition,” which “is, for legal purposes, tantamount to a refusal to admit guilt.” Hardwick, 183 Ariz. at 656, 905 P.2d at 1391;see also Mitchell v. United States, 526 U.S. 314, 316–17, 119 S.Ct. 1307, 143 L.Ed.2d 424 (1999) ( ). On the other hand, “[i]f a [convicted] defendant admits his guilt, this can be used as additional mitigating evidence, provided the defendant is truly remorseful for his crime.” State v. Carriger, 143 Ariz. 142, 162, 692 P.2d 991, 1011 (1984).
¶ 5 As our supreme court has explained, “the suspension of sentence is not a matter of right under any circumstances or in any instance, but is purely a matter of discretion in the trial court, i.e., it is a matter of grace and not of right.” State v. Douglas, 87 Ariz. 182, 186, 349 P.2d 622, 624 (1960). Thus, probation “is a sentencing alternative which a court may use in its sound judicial discretion when the rehabilitation of the defendant can be accomplished with restrictive freedom rather than imprisonment,” State v. Smith, 112 Ariz. 416, 419, 542 P.2d 1115, 1118 (1975), and a court need not “spell out its reasons for either granting or denying probation,” Douglas, 87 Ariz. at 187, 349 P.2d at 625. Moreover, because the trial judge is better able “ ‘to determine what is necessary to rehabilitate [the defendant] to constructive activity,’ ” we will sustain “the imposition of a lawful sentence and the denial of probation” absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Moreno, 109 Ariz. 266, 266, 508 P.2d 730, 730 (1973), overruled on other grounds by State v. Lewis, 109 Ariz. 466, 512 P.2d 9 (1973), quoting State v. Maberry, 93 Ariz. 306, 309, 380 P.2d 604, 606 (1963) (alteration added).
¶ 6 Although we have found no Arizona case on point, we agree with those jurisdictions that have concluded the Fifth Amendment does not preclude a sentencing court from considering a defendant's refusal to answer questions about the offense in determining whether he or she is a suitable candidate for probation. See, e.g., Dzul v. State, 118 Nev. 681, 56 P.3d 875, 879–80, 883 (2002) ( ); State v. Sosa, 122 N.M. 446, 926 P.2d 299, 301 (1996) ( )(citation omitted); State v. Souder, 105 S.W.3d 602, 608 (Tenn.Crim.App.2002) ( ); State v. Pritchett, 69 P.3d 1278, ¶¶ 28, 36 (Utah 2003) (Fifth Amendment not violated by Utah statute limiting probation and residential treatment to sex offenders who admit offense of conviction; statute “grants a privilege to which the convicted child sex offender has no automatic right—placement in a resident treatment facility—in exchange for the offender choosing to admit culpability”).
¶ 7 Because Hernandez had no right to a suspension of sentence or placement on probation, the trial court neither abused its discretion nor violated the Fifth Amendment by declining to grant her that leniency. The court's decision—based on an assessment that Hernandez was unlikely to succeed in sex offender treatment because she refused to discuss her offense—was not arbitrary or capricious, but grounded in the critical consideration of her potential for rehabilitation. See Smith, 112 Ariz. at 419, 542 P.2d at 1118. Nor was the mitigated sentence the court imposed a “substantial penalty” for her silence, Lefkowitz, 431 U.S. at 805, 97 S.Ct. 2132; rather, it was among the statutorily prescribed dispositions for her offense. SeeA.R.S. § 13–702(A) and (D); see also Corbitt v. New Jersey, 439 U.S. 212, 223–24, 99 S.Ct. 492, 58 L.Ed.2d 466 (1978) ( ).
¶ 8 We agree with the state that Hernandez's reliance on Jacobsen v. Lindberg, 225 Ariz. 318, 238 P.3d 129 (App.2010), is misplaced. In Jacobsen, this court granted a probationer relief from an order requiring him to answer certain polygraph questions because we concluded the probationer was entitled to assert his Fifth Amendment privilege with respect to questions that might incriminate him in any future criminal proceedings. 225 Ariz. 318, ¶ 13, 238 P.3d at 134. But unlike Hernandez, who had no right to a suspension of her sentence, Jacobsen had a protected interest in the “ ‘conditional liberty’ ” he had been granted when he was placed on probation. State v. Eccles, 179 Ariz. 226, 228, 877 P.2d 799, 801 (1994), quoting Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 436, 104 S.Ct. 1136, 79 L.Ed.2d 409 (1984); see also Escoe v. Zerbst, 295 U.S. 490, 492, 55 S.Ct. 818, 79 L.Ed. 1566 (1935) ( ); but cf. Ohio Adult Parole Auth. v. Woodard, 523 U.S. 272, 292–93, 118 S.Ct. 1244, 140 L.Ed.2d 387 (1998) ( )(Stevens, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
¶ 9 Moreover...
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