State v. Hickey

• Decision Date: 23 December 2003
• Docket Number: (AC 22847).
• Citation: 836 A.2d 457,80 Conn. App. 589
• Court: Connecticut Court of Appeals
• Parties: STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. MICHAEL HICKEY

80 Conn. App. 589

836 A.2d 457

STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. MICHAEL HICKEY

(AC 22847).

Appellate Court of Connecticut.

Argued September 10, 2003.

Officially released December 23, 2003.

West, DiPentima and Dupont, Js.

Alice Osedach-Powers, assistant public defender, with whom, on the brief, was Leslie K. Cavanagh, assistant public defender, for the appellant (defendant).

John A. East III, senior assistant state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Mary M. Galvin, state's attorney, and Kevin D. Lawlor, assistant state's attorney, for the appellee (state).

Opinion

DiPENTIMA, J.

The defendant, Michael Hickey, appeals from the judgments of conviction¹ of two counts of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 14-227a, as amended by Public Acts 1999, No. 99-255, § 1.² The defendant claims that the trial court improperly denied his motion to dismiss because (1) as applied, § 14-227a (h), now (g), results in a violation of the ex post facto clause of the United States constitution and (2) the application of the statute constitutes a violation of his sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel under the United States constitution.³ We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The following facts and procedural history are relevant to our resolution of the defendant's appeal. On March 11, 1991, and February 25, 1994, the defendant was convicted, under § 14-227a, of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. The statute in effect when those two incidents occurred had been amended in 1985 pursuant to Public Acts 1985, No. 85-387. Under subsection (h) of that statute, a second, third, fourth or subsequent violation was one that occurred within five years of a prior conviction for the same offense.⁴ In 1995, Public Acts 1995, No. 95-314, § 1, amended § 14-227a (h) by defining a subsequent violation as one that occurs within ten years of a prior conviction for the same offense.⁵ These five and ten year periods are referred to as "look back" periods. See 38 H.R. Proc., Pt. 19, 1995 Sess., p. 6829, remarks of Representative Dale W. Radcliffe. Additionally, in 1999, Public Acts 1999, No. 99-255, § 1, amended the statute to provide for increased penalties for repeat offenders.⁶

The defendant was arrested on separate charges of violating § 14-227a on June 1 and June 28, 2000. On April 4, 2001, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charges. The court denied the motion. Thereafter, on October 19, 2001, the defendant pleaded nolo contendere, as a third time offender, to both counts of § 14-227a. On February 5, 2002, the defendant was sentenced pursuant to General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 14-227a, as amended by Public Acts 1999, No. 99-255, § 1, to three years incarceration, suspended after one year mandatory time, and three years of probation.

I

The defendant first argues that § 14-227a, as applied, results in a violation of the ex post facto clause of the United States constitution in that the amended statute (1) resulted in greater punishment than that previously prescribed, (2) reduced the state's burden of proof and (3) deprived him of a defense. We disagree.

"We must first consider the standard of review where a claim is made that the court failed to grant a motion to dismiss. Our standard of review of a trial court's. . . conclusions of law in connection with a motion to dismiss is well settled. . . . [W]here the legal conclusions of the court are challenged, we must determine whether they are legally and logically correct and whether they find support in the facts. . . . Thus, our review of the trial court's ultimate legal conclusion and resulting [denial] of the motion to dismiss will be de novo." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Weiner, 61 Conn. App. 738, 747, 767 A.2d 1220, cert. denied, 256 Conn. 902, 772 A.2d 600 (2001).

The ex post facto clause prohibits, inter alia, the enactment of "any law which imposes a punishment for an act which was not punishable at the time it was committed; or imposes additional punishment to that then prescribed." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28, 101 S. Ct. 960, 67 L. Ed. 2d 17 (1981).

The United States Supreme Court has held that a statute enhancing a defendant's sentence because he is a repeat offender does not violate the ex post facto clause even if one of the convictions on which the sentence is based occurred before the enactment of the statute. See Gryger v. Burke, 334 U.S. 728, 732, 68 S. Ct. 1256, 92 L. Ed. 1683 (1948). Moreover, the United States Supreme Court has consistently sustained repeat offender laws as penalizing only the last offense committed by a defendant. See Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738, 747, 114 S. Ct. 1921, 128 L. Ed. 2d 745 (1994).

Our own Supreme Court has reached the same conclusion. In State v. Holloway, 144 Conn. 295, 130 A.2d 562 (1957), the court rejected the contention that an enhanced sentence for a third time offender, under a statute enacted in 1955 and based on convictions in 1947 and 1952, constituted a violation of the ex post facto clause. "In resolving that question, the crucial fact is that [the statute] does not undertake to provide punishment for any crime committed prior to the date when it went into effect. The punishment provided is for a violation of the narcotics law which occurs subsequent to the effective date of the section. The only effect that a conviction antedating the statute has is to enhance the penalty to be imposed for a violation of the narcotics law. The theory of [the statute] is not that a person shall be punished a second time for an earlier offense but that the principal offense for which the person is being prosecuted under the statute is made more serious by reason of its being a repetition of an earlier offense or earlier offenses." Id., 301.

The situation in this case is very similar. The defendant's first two convictions occurred prior to the amendments of 1995 and 1999. Under the rationale of Holloway, it is clear that the defendant's 2002 conviction did not result in a second punishment for his convictions in 1991 and 1994. His punishment for the 2002 conviction was simply enhanced on the basis of his status as a repeat offender. Consequently, as the court succinctly stated in Holloway, "in no sense does the statute operate ex post facto." Id.⁷

The defendant relies principally on State v. Sanford, 67 Conn. 286, 289, 34 A. 1045 (1896), for the proposition that a law providing for greater punishment than previously had been prescribed would clearly be ex post facto if it applied retroactively. In Sanford, the defendant was convicted as a repeat offender under § 1 of chapter 331 of the Public Acts of 1895, a liquor law. The Sanford court interpreted the law to apply prospectively. The Connecticut Supreme Court has since explained the rationale behind Sanford. In the legislation at issue in Sanford, there was a clearly expressed legislative intent that the only convictions occurring after enactment of the legislation would qualify as prior convictions. State v. Holloway, supra, 144 Conn. 299-300.

The legislative scenario for § 14-227a is markedly different from that facing the Sanford court. Unlike the legislature promulgating the act of 1895, the legislature addressing § 14-227a intended to consider behavior occurring prior to the enactment of the amendment. See State v. Mattioli, 210 Conn. 573, 578, 556 A.2d 584 (1989) ("in enacting Public Acts 1985, No. 85-387 so as to amend § 14-227a, the legislature clearly intended to provide harsher penalties for offenders with a history of driving under the influence"); see also 38 H.R. Proc., Pt. 19, 1995 Sess., pp. 6829-30, remarks of Representative Dale W Radcliffe; 42 H.R. Proc., Pt. 19, 1999 Sess., pp. 6740-41, remarks of Representative John Wayne Fox. Because the legislative intent and purpose behind the respective statutes clearly were different, Sanford provides no support for the defendant's argument. Therefore, the defendant's argument that the amended statute results in an ex post facto violation by prescribing a greater punishment for a prior conviction must fail.

The defendant next claims that there is an ex post facto violation when the amendment effectively reduces the state's burden of proof. The defendant argues that a ten year, rather than a five year, look back period makes it easier to prove that he had two prior convictions, a necessary predicate to being considered a third time offender. The defendant further claims that the application of § 14-227a deprives him of the defense that his earlier convictions would fall outside the previous five year look back period. Obviously, that defense is not available under a ten year look back period.

Neither of those arguments is availing. In a case strikingly similar to the one at bar, the Maine Supreme Court held that "[w]hen a statute defines penalties for future offenses, defendants are put on notice that they can no longer rely on the former statutory scheme for whatever defense or protection it may have provided."⁸ State v. Chapman, 685 A.2d 423, 425 (Me. 1996). Moreover, "[t]he familiar legal maxims, that everyone is presumed to know the law, and that ignorance of the law excuses no one, are founded upon public policy and in necessity, and the idea back of them is that one's acts must be considered as having been done with knowledge of the law, for otherwise its evasion would be facilitated and the courts burdened with collateral inquiries into the content of men's minds. This rule of public policy has been repeatedly applied by this court." (Citation omitted.) Atlas Realty Corp. v. House, 123 Conn. 94, 101, 192 A. 564 (1937). Because the defendant was effectively put on notice of the changes occurring in 1995 and 1999, he is precluded from relying on the five year look back period to prove that the state's...