State v. Jones

Decision Date11 May 1981
Docket NumberNo. 1,No. 62351,62351,1
Citation615 S.W.2d 416
PartiesSTATE of Missouri, Respondent, v. Aaron JONES, Appellant
CourtMissouri Supreme Court

James L. McMullin, Kansas City, for appellant.

Jay D. Haden, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for respondent.

WELBORN, Commissioner.

A jury in the Jackson County Circuit Court found Aaron Jones guilty of murder in the second degree and robbery in the first degree with a deadly weapon. Acting under the Second Offender Law, the court sentenced the defendant to life imprisonment for murder and to 25 years' imprisonment for robbery, the sentences to run consecutively. This appeal followed.

On the afternoon of October 25, 1976, appellant Jones and Marvin Williams went to the Eastwood Hills Animal Clinic on Highway 50 in Kansas City. According to Williams, it was their intention to rob the clinic at that time, but because, after entering, they were uncertain as to the number of people who might be around, they merely asked the veterinarian owner about the cost of having a dog's ears clipped.

Jones, Williams and appellant's brother, Lavance, returned to the clinic on the night of October 25. James Burkholder, the night man on duty, responded to their knock on the door. When he opened the door, the three men rushed in, Aaron and Lavance with guns. Burkholder was forced to lie on the floor and his wallet taken from his pocket and $30 removed from it. Aaron and Williams ransacked the place while Lavance stood guard over Burkholder. Burkholder was taken into the kennel area and, after an argument between appellant and Lavance about killing him, appellant emptied his weapon into Burkholder's body. Lavance also fired into Burkholder's body.

Burkholder's body was discovered by an employee of the clinic who arrived there at around 6:30 A.M. the following morning. An autopsy revealed eight bullet wounds from at least two different caliber weapons.

At approximately 4:00 P.M., October 26, 1976, Prairie Village, Kansas police officers arrested appellant and Williams who were in an automobile. Arresting officers took a .22 caliber pistol from Williams. No weapon was found on appellant. Ballistic tests showed that the weapon had fired some of the bullets found in Burkholder's body.

According to Kansas City police officers, appellant, in response to their questioning on October 28, admitted participating with Williams in the robbery of the clinic. Appellant said that Williams fired the shots which caused Burkholder's death.

At appellant's trial, Williams testified for the state according to the statement above as to the facts of the occurrence.

On this appeal, a single ground is asserted by appellant as grounds for reversal of the convictions.

All of the evidence at the trial was produced by the state. The defense strategy was an attack upon the credibility of the state's witnesses, particularly Williams. Williams admitted that in the 24 hours preceding the clinic robbery, he had committed 18 armed robberies, one kidnapping and one rape. According to Williams, he made a deal with the police and prosecutor under which he agreed to testify against Jones in return for dropping all charges against Williams except three to which he would plead guilty and receive a 20-year sentence. Cross-examination of Williams produced numerous discrepancies in his account, on previous occasions, of the occurrence. Defense counsel's closing argument was basically an attack upon Williams' credibility, along with that of police officers.

In his final argument, the prosecutor stated:

" * * * But don't tell me this and don't let it be said among your number, 'Oh, I believe he did it, I believe he was involved but the State didn't prove it.' You can't say that, because each one of you swore before Almighty God before this case started that 'I have no belief one way or another about his guilt or innocence.' Didn't you take that oath? You did. You started from zero, not believing anything. And if you now believe he did it, the only thing that has happened from the time you took that oath to this minute is the State's case and evidence. You're not permitted to say, 'I don't believe they proved it,' because if you believe he did it and that belief is reasonable, he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt."

Defense counsel objected that the prosecutor was trying to define reasonable doubt. The objection was overruled. The prosecutor then continued:

"I know I was loud enough but I'm not sure you heard all of what I said so if you permit me, I would kind of like to go over that again. It's not that tricky, but it has to do with the reasonable doubt part. When we started out, we asked you, 'Does anybody think this guy is guilty just because he is sitting here or for any reason at all,' and we say, 'Okay, now we are asking you, if you believe that he is presumed innocent and nobody believes he is guilty, right, so we start out believing nothing, neither that he is guilty, we believe he is not guilty. So then you start out from zero. Then you get to the point where you form the belief that he is guilty. If the only thing that has happened from the time you started the case to this point is the State's evidence, and if you believe he is guilty from the State's evidence, and that's all that has happened, you have to be finding him guilty because of the State's evidence. If the belief that he is guilty is reasonable, you have found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt."

Further objection was again overruled.

In passing on the defendant's motion for new trial, the court stated that the prosecutor's argument "at best (was) borderline" and would not be allowed in the future. He concluded, however, that the jury would not have been confused or misled by the argument "if, in fact, it was a definition of reasonable doubt." He concluded that the weight of the evidence against the defendant was strong, evidenced by the fact that on two other occasions a jury had found the defendant guilty of the same crime.

With the advent of MAI-CR and the abbreviated reference to "reasonable doubt" found in MAI-CR (1st and 2d) 2.20, prosecutors have apparently deemed it necessary to step into the situation and "assist" jurors in the application of the phrase. In State v. Belleville, 530 S.W.2d 392 (Mo.App.1975), the prosecutor resurrected the language, quite pointedly rejected upon the adoption of MAI-CR (see Richardson, "Charge not Evidence; Presumption of Innocence; Burden of Proof; Reasonable Doubt," part III, pp. 9-17, The Missouri Bar Committee Comments on Approved Criminal Instructions (1974)), to the effect that reasonable doubt meant " * * * not merely the possibility of innocence, but * * * a substantial doubt touching upon the defendant's guilt." Objection to the argument was overruled. The court of appeals, relying upon the restriction in the Notes on Use to MAI-CR 2.20 against further definition of the term "reasonable doubt," found that the argument was improper. The court noted, however, that the language of the prosecutor " * * * was part of the burden of proof instruction that had been used and approved by Missouri Courts since 1857." 530 S.W.2d 395, fn. 2. The court held the prosecutor's statement was not reversible error because the prosecutor did not dwell unduly on the matter and because there was strong evidence of the defendant's guilt.

In State v. Sanders, 539 S.W.2d 458, 464(6) (Mo.App.1976), the prosecutor's use of similar language was held improper, but, relying upon Belleville, not prejudicial error.

In State v. Sanders, 541 S.W.2d 782, 784(1, 2) (Mo.App.1976), the prosecutor's argument, reviewed under the plain error rule because of the lack of trial objection, was to the effect that "reasonable doubt" does not mean " * * * beyond any doubt. There aren't many things in this world that can be proved beyond any doubt, and that certainly isn't the state's burden in a criminal case." The court assumed the impropriety, under Belleville, of the statement, but again found no plain error in view of the brevity of the prosecutor's statement and the weight of the evidence of guilt.

In State v. Van, 543 S.W.2d 827, 830(1, 2) (Mo.App.1976), the problem arose because the prosecutor, on voir dire of the jury panel, stated that he was " * * * not required to prove this man guilty beyond all doubt." The prosecutor further stated that the instructions would explain "reasonable doubt" to the jury. The court found the remarks of the prosecutor improper. "For more than fifty years it has been the law of this State that 'It is not proper for counsel to...

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18 cases
  • State v. Sanchez
    • United States
    • Montana Supreme Court
    • 31 Enero 2008
    ...objection that the prosecutor was misinterpreting the instructions. ¶ 93 A virtually identical situation occurred in State v. Jones, 615 S.W.2d 416 (Mo.1981), which the Missouri Supreme Court described as Three things stand out about the argument in this case: First, the prosecutor told the......
  • State v. Taylor
    • United States
    • Missouri Supreme Court
    • 29 Abril 1997
    ...See State v. Barton, 936 S.W.2d 781, 788 (Mo. banc 1996); State v. Williams, 659 S.W.2d 778, 782 (Mo. banc 1983), citing State v. Jones, 615 S.W.2d 416, 420 (Mo.1981). Based on this record, this Court finds a reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a different result without......
  • State v. Jordan
    • United States
    • Missouri Supreme Court
    • 23 Febrero 1983
    ...v. Payne, 600 S.W.2d 94 (Mo.App.1980). The argument did not contain a misstatement of the law such as that condemned in State v. Jones, 615 S.W.2d 416 (Mo.1981). Nor did it conflict with the instruction. State v. Reynolds, 517 S.W.2d 182 (Mo.App.1974). It did not inject a false issue into t......
  • Clemmons v. State
    • United States
    • Missouri Supreme Court
    • 13 Marzo 1990
    ...on to argue Steigerwald was that witness and he had no reason to lie. This was not an attempt to define "reasonable doubt." Cf. State v. Jones, 615 S.W.2d 416 (Mo. banc 1981), and State v. Shelby, 634 S.W.2d 481 (Mo.1982). The prosecutor has the right to argue evidence and reasonable infere......
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