State v. Keadle

• Decision Date: 05 May 1981
• Docket Number: No. 8015SC833,8015SC833
• Citation: 51 N.C.App. 660,277 S.E.2d 456
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. John KEADLE.
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals

Page 456

277 S.E.2d 456

51 N.C.App. 660

STATE of North Carolina v. John KEADLE.

No. 8015SC833.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

May 5, 1981.

Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Associate Atty. Gen., Sarah C. Young, Raleigh, for the State.

Emma Jean Levi, Chapel Hill, for defendant-appellee.

MORRIS, Chief Judge.

The state contends that the trial court improperly found that Bob Goldberg, as resident advisor in a University dormitory, acted as an agent of the state in a quasi law enforcement capacity when he conducted his search of defendant's dorm room. We agree.

The fourth amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). The exclusionary rule which was developed to enforce the restraints of the fourth amendment was applied to the federal government in Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914), and was made binding upon the states in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961).

The protections of the fourth amendment and the attendant exclusionary rule have traditionally been confined to governmental rather than private action. Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 41 S.Ct. 574, 65 L.Ed. 1048 (1921); State v. Morris, 41 N.C.App. 164, 254 S.E.2d 241, cert. denied and appeal dismissed, 297 N.C. 616, 267 S.E.2d 657 (1979); State v. Reagan, 35 N.C.App. 140, 240 S.E.2d 805 (1978); State v. Carr, 20 N.C.App. 619, 202 S.E.2d 289 (1974); State v. Peele, 16 N.C.App. 227, 192 S.E.2d 67, cert. denied, 282 N.C. 429, 192 S.E.2d 838 (1972). See Annot. 36 A.L.R.3d 553 (1971).

In Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 29 L.Ed.2d 564, 91 S.Ct. 2022, reh. denied, 404 U.S. 874, 92 S.Ct. 26, 30 L.Ed.2d 120 (1971), the United States Supreme Court affirmed its adherence to the rule of Burdeau. In Coolidge the wife of a murder suspect voluntarily gave her husband's clothes and guns to police officers who had come to her home for the purpose of checking the husband's story against whatever his wife might say and to corroborate his admission of a theft from his employer. From evidence received from the wife, the police officers procured a warrant for her husband's arrest. Justice Stewart, speaking for the Court, stated the following with regard to this issue:

Had Mrs. Coolidge, wholly on her own initiative, sought out her husband's guns and clothing and then taken them to the police station to be used as evidence against him, there can be no doubt under existing law that the articles would later have been admissible in evidence. Cf. Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 65 L.Ed. 1048, 41 S.Ct. 574, 13 A.L.R. 1159.

403 U.S. at 487, 91 S.Ct. at 2048, 29 L.Ed.2d at 595. Justice Stewart went on to say with regard to whether the exclusionary rule should have been applied under the facts of Coolidge :

The question presented here is whether the conduct of the police officers at the Coolidge house was such as to make her actions their actions for purposes of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments and their attendant exclusionary rules. The test, as the petitioner's argument suggests, is whether Mrs. Coolidge, in light of all the circumstances of the case, must be regarded as having acted as an "instrument" or agent of the state when she produced her husband's belongings. (Citations omitted.) ... The exclusionary rules were fashioned "to prevent, not to repair," and their target is official misconduct. They are "to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way by removing the incentive to disregard it." Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217, 80 S.Ct. 1437, 4 L.Ed.2d 1669, 1677. But it is no part of the policy underlying the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to discourage citizens from aiding to the utmost of their ability in the apprehension of criminals. (Emphasis added.)

403 U.S. at 487-88, 91 S.Ct. at 2048-49, 29 L.Ed.2d at 595.

Where a search and seizure is conducted by a private citizen rather than a governmental officer, the admissibility of the fruits of such a search into evidence may be supported on the ground that no fourth amendment violations are involved, but also on the ground that the purpose of the exclusionary rule, the deterrence of unlawful police conduct, would not be furthered by excluding evidence on the basis of unlawful conduct of private individuals. Therefore, where an unreasonable search is conducted by a governmental law enforcement agent, it is subject to the restraints of the fourth amendment and the exclusionary rule. Moreover, where a search is conducted by a private citizen, but only at the government's initiation and under their guidance, it is not a private search but becomes a search by the sovereign. However, a search not so purely governmental must be judged according to the nature of the governmental participation in the search process. In the instant case, we have one of those vague factual situations requiring that we look at all of the circumstances to assess the amount of governmental participation and involvement, if any, either through the resident advisor's contact with the government as an employee of the University of North Carolina or through direct governmental initiation and guidance of the search procedure.

As to the latter, there is no evidence that law enforcement officials had any part whatsoever in Bob Goldberg's initial search of defendant's room. Judge Brewer specifically found the following undisputed facts in his order of 20 June 1980 granting defendant's motion to suppress:

9. That Bob Goldberg was performing an expected...