State v. Manluccia

• Decision Date: 24 July 1984
• Docket Number: No. 2692,2692
• Court: Connecticut Court of Appeals
• Parties: STATE of Connecticut v. Patrick MANLUCCIA.

Page 1035

478 A.2d 1035

2 Conn.App. 333

STATE of Connecticut v. Patrick MANLUCCIA.

No. 2692.

Appellate Court of Connecticut.

Argued April 5, 1984.

Decided July 24, 1984.

Margaret Hayman, Asst. Public Defender, for appellant (defendant).

James G. Clark, Sp. Deputy Asst. State's Atty., with whom, on the brief, were Walter D. Flanagan, State's Atty., and Brian E. Cotter, Asst. State's Atty., for appellee (state).

Before DANNEHY, C.P.J., and DUPONT and BORDEN, JJ.

BORDEN, Judge.

The defendant was convicted on two counts of risk of injury to a minor in violation of General Statutes § 53-21, and on one count of attempting to commit sexual assault in the third degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49 and 53a-72a(a)(1). He appeals. ¹ We find no error.

The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. In the summer of 1979, the victim, a thirteen year old boy, was introduced to the defendant by Arthur Parent, who was a neighbor of the victim in Danbury. On July 4, 1979, the defendant and Parent took the victim to an amusement park. They then went to the defendant's apartment in Danbury where the victim saw several photographs, some of which were of nude males. The defendant offered him fifty dollars to pose for nude photographs. The victim agreed and the defendant took several frontal nude photographs of him. The defendant told the victim he was going to sell the photographs to someone in California. He packaged them and mailed them in the victim's presence as he took the victim home. Parent arranged another session at some time between July 4, 1979, and July 26, 1979, at which the defendant took more nude photographs of the victim. In some of these photographs the victim had an erection induced by viewing another magazine, shown to him by the defendant, with pictures in it of nude women. On July 26, 1979, the defendant and Parent took the victim to New York City. On the way back to Danbury, the defendant told the victim that he had sold the pictures of the victim to someone in California, and made sexually suggestive remarks to the victim. The defendant and Parent took the victim to the defendant's apartment in Danbury where they attempted to assault him sexually. The victim ran away.

The defendant's arguments on appeal are concerned solely with the admission into evidence of two magazines, eight envelopes accompanied by four letters and sixteen Polaroid photographs accompanied by a photostat of a photograph. All these materials were seized from the defendant's apartment pursuant to a search warrant. We discuss each group of items separately.

I

The two magazines, entitled "Special Boys" and "Horny Teens," consist of photographs of nude teenage boys in various states of sexual activity and arousal. Both purported to be publications of K & J Collectors, located at 152 West 42nd Street, New York City. Both contained requests for their readers to send in, for payment, photographs of teenage boys. The state offered and the court admitted the magazines for the limited purpose of showing the defendant's motive for photographing the victim; namely, to respond to the solicitations contained in the magazines. The court gave appropriate limiting instructions to the jury. The defendant argues that the magazines were irrelevant and that, in any event, the court abused its discretion because their prejudicial impact outweighed their probative value. We disagree.

The relevance of the magazines to show the defendant's motive is obvious and requires no more discussion than to point out that they "render[ed] the existence of a material fact in the case more certain or more probable than it would have been without the evidence." State v. Ward, 172 Conn. 163, 168, 374 A.2d 168 (1976). The fact that the victim testified that the defendant told him that he would sell the photographs to someone in California did not, as the defendant claims, vitiate the relevance of these publications, which purportedly came from New York City. Neither the state nor the jury were bound to accept as gospel that statement of intended location of sale by the defendant.

Nor was there any abuse of discretion by the court in weighing the probative value of the magazines against their prejudicial impact. There is little doubt that, because of their nature, they would tend to have some prejudicial effect on the jury's perception of the defendant. By the same token, however, they were highly probative of a central fact in the case; namely, that the defendant did take the nude photographs of the victim, some of them showing him in a state of sexual arousal. Moreover, there was no suggestion by the state that possession of these publications constituted a crime. Finally, the record indicates that these magazines were two of a group of sixty-three similar publications seized from the defendant's apartment; and that the court excluded the other sixty-one. Thus, the court scrupulously exercised its "judicial discretion, to decide whether the probative value of the [evidence] outweighed the prejudice likely to result from its admission." State v. Briggs, 179 Conn. 328, 333, 426 A.2d 298 (1979), cert. denied, 447 U.S. 912, 100 S.Ct. 3000, 64 L.Ed.2d 862 (1980).

II

The envelopes and letters consisted of the following. There were four large magazine-size envelopes addressed to the defendant, each indicating the sender to be "M.V." of the same New York City street address as that of K & J Collectors, the publisher of the magazines. These envelopes were postmarked May 5, 1978, May 30, 1978, October 30, 1978, and March 9, 1979. Three of them contained handwritten notes on printed stationery indicating "Memo from the Desk of K & J Collectors," signed by "M.V.," generally thanking the defendant for his mail order and indicating that his magazine order was enclosed. There also were four empty letter-size envelopes addressed to the defendant from "M.V." at the same address, and postmarked April 25, 1978, October 16, 1978, February 6, 1979, and May 22, 1979. Finally, there was a letter signed by "M.V." at the same address, which was partially printed and partially handwritten. The printed portion indicated that certain of "[t]he following K & J/M.V. Magazines are no longer available" and that a refund or alternate could be selected. The handwritten portion elaborated somewhat on the offer of a refund or alternate selection, and indicated "thanks for the photo."

These items were, like the magazines, offered and admitted for the purpose of showing the defendant's motive, and the court gave limiting instructions to the jury. The defendant's first attack on the admissibility of these items tracks his argument with regard to the magazines. He claims that they are irrelevant and, if relevant, that they are unduly prejudicial. We disagree.

Like the magazines, the relevance of these items lies in the light they shed on the defendant's motive. The identity of the addresses, the linkage which they indicate between "M.V." and K & J Collectors, and the dates of the postmarks, all of which are within fifteen months of the defendant's encounter with the victim, corroborated the evidence, supplied by the magazines and their contents, of the defendant's motive. Unlike the magazines, moreover, these items contain nothing in and of themselves which was likely to be inflammatory or repulsive to the jury. Any prejudice of such a nature would only arise by reference of these materials to the magazines; but such a reference would do no more than highlight the highly probative value of the items. Cf. State v. Onofrio, 179 Conn. 23, 28-33, 425 A.2d 560 (1979). The court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the envelopes and letters.

The defendant also argues that these items were inadmissible as hearsay. Recognizing that they were offered and admitted for the sole purpose, not of establishing the truth of their contents, but for the purpose of showing the defendant's motive, and were thus not hearsay; see State v. Stepney, 191 Conn. 233, 249, 464 A.2d 758 (1983) (United States Supreme Court appeal pending); the defendant argues that nonetheless they constitute what he characterizes as nonassertive hearsay conduct of M.V. The defendant relies on an English case; Wright v. Doe, 132 Eng.Rep. 877 (1838), affirming 112 Eng.Rep. 488 (1837); and Hine, Appeal from Probate, 68 Conn. 551, 37 A. 384 (1897), which is apparently the only Connecticut case involving the doctrine of nonassertive hearsay conduct and which has been largely ignored since. See also McCormick, Evidence (2d Ed.) § 250 (criticizing the doctrine); Fed.R.Evid. 801(a) and 801(c) (nonverbal conduct is a statement, for hearsay purposes, only if it is intended as an assertion). We find it unnecessary to rule on this somewhat esoteric claim, because it is clear that the defendant did not make it with sufficient clarity in the trial court.

The defendant had filed a written motion in limine to exclude from evidence all the items seized from his apartment. This motion did not mention hearsay as a ground. At the mid-trial hearing on the motion, he conceded that they were not hearsay because they were offered to show the defendant's motive by showing what he acted on; but he objected on the grounds of relevancy and undue prejudice. After the court had ruled in response to the motion in limine, the state began its formal introduction of those seized materials which the court had ruled admissible. The first items offered were the two magazines. The defendant's counsel, referring to the hearing on the motion in limine, said: "We, of course, had some discussion on this outside the presence of the jury last week and the state put forth at that time that the purpose was to establish motive and state of mind. For that purpose I indicated that I had no objection to that." He went on to repeat his earlier ground of relevancy. The next group of items offered by the state consisted of the envelopes and letters. The...