State v. Montague

• Decision Date: 31 October 1996
• Docket Number: No. 86098,86098
• Citation: 682 So.2d 1085
• Parties: 21 Fla. L. Weekly S474 STATE of Florida, Petitioner, v. Jesse M. MONTAGUE, Respondent.
• Court: Florida Supreme Court

Page 1085

682 So.2d 1085

21 Fla. L. Weekly S474

STATE of Florida, Petitioner, v. Jesse M. MONTAGUE, Respondent.

No. 86098.

Supreme Court of Florida.

Oct. 31, 1996.

Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General; Robert J. Krauss, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Chief of Criminal Law and Ron Napolitano, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Petitioner.

James Marion Moorman, Public Defender and Deborah K. Brueckheimer, Assistant Public Defender, Tenth Judicial Circuit, Bartow, for Respondent.

PER CURIAM.

We have for review Montague v. State, 656 So.2d 508 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995). We accepted jurisdiction to answer the following question certified to be of great public importance:

HAS PINACLE v. STATE [Pinacle v. State], 654 So.2d 908 (Fla.1995), OVERRULED LINKOUS v. STATE [Linkous v. State], 618 So.2d 294 (Fla. 2D DCA), REVIEW DENIED, 626 So.2d 208 (Fla.1993), AND ADOPTED THE HOLDING OF PERRYMAN v. STATE [Perryman v. State], 608 So.2d 528 (Fla. 1ST DCA 1992), REVIEW DENIED, 621 So.2d 432 (Fla.1993), SO THAT IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A KARCHESKY SENTENCING ERROR FOR APPELLATE REVIEW A CONTEMPORANEOUS OBJECTION MUST BE MADE AT TIME OF SENTENCING TO THE ADDITION OF VICTIM INJURY POINTS?

Id. at 510. ¹ For the reasons expressed below, we answer the certified question in the affirmative, quash the decision under review, and clarify our decision in Pinacle v. State, 654 So.2d 908 (Fla.1995). We hold that a contemporaneous objection is necessary to preserve a Karchesky error for appellate review.

Respondent Jesse M. Montague (Montague) was convicted of three counts of sexual activity with a child by a person in familial authority. See § 794.041(2)(b), Fla.Stat. (1991). Montague contends that under our holding in Karchesky, the trial court assessed 120 points for victim injury (forty points for each offense) on the sentencing guidelines scoresheet based on penetration alone without showing that the victim suffered "any specifically identified physical injury or trauma" as a result of these criminal acts. ² In Karchesky we held that victim injury points could not be assessed for penetration (i.e., carnal intercourse with an unmarried person under the age of 18) absent specifically identified physical injury or trauma occurring as a result of the intercourse. The record reflects that defense counsel did not object to the inclusion of the victim injury points. Instead, he announced to the trial court that he assumed the scoresheet had been calculated correctly. ³

On appeal, the Second District, relying on Singleton v. State, 620 So.2d 1038 (Fla. 2d DCA 1993), found that Montague's failure to raise a contemporaneous objection did not preclude the court's independent review of the alleged Karchesky error. Montague, 656 So.2d at 509. The district court maintained this position even though it acknowledged that "the practical effect has been to leave the record barren as to the trial court's basis for concluding that the victim suffered physical injury or trauma as a result of [Montague's] acts." Id. Accordingly, the district court remanded for a de novo sentencing hearing to determine the extent of victim injury as to each count. Id.

On motion for rehearing, the State argued that our decision in Pinacle v. State, 654 So.2d 908 (Fla.1995), overruled Singleton, which the district court had cited for the proposition that the absence of a contemporaneous objection to a Karchesky error does not preclude its independent review of such an issue. Id. The Second District rejected the State's argument, finding that our decision in Pinacle did not specifically address whether a contemporaneous objection must be made to preserve a Karchesky sentencing error for appellate review. Id. at 510.

Based upon our decision in Pinacle, we answer the certified question in the affirmative and hold that Montague's failure to raise the issue in the trial court is fatal to his claim on appeal. Accord McCalister v. State, 664 So.2d 1149, 1150 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (concluding that Pinacle "requires a contemporaneous objection to preserve a Karchesky issue").

In Pinacle v. State, 625 So.2d 1273 (Fla. 3rd DCA 1993), the Third District, citing to Perryman v. State, 608 So.2d 528 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), review denied, 621 So.2d 432 (Fla.1993), held that a contemporaneous objection was necessary to preserve a Karchesky sentencing error. The court found that there had been no contemporaneous objection and rejected the Karchesky claim. Our review in Pinacle was based upon conflict between the district court's holding and the holdings in Linkous v. State, 618 So.2d 294 (Fla. 2d DCA), review denied, 626 So.2d 208 (1993), and Hood v. State, 603 So.2d 642 (Fla. 5th DCA 1992). Linkous and Hood held that a contemporaneous objection is not necessary to preserve a Karchesky error for appellate review. However, in Pinacle, we found defense counsel's objection sufficient to preserve the Karchesky issue, and ruled that victim injury points could not be assessed because there had been no factual finding that the victim suffered ascertainable physical injury. Because we found that the error was preserved, we quashed the Third District decision.

While our opinion in Pinacle never expressly indicated whether we approved or disapproved of Linkous and Hood, the following passage from Pinacle illustrates that we tacitly disapproved of both cases and approved of Perryman:

The district court found that Pinacle failed to make a specific objection to the addition of points for victim injury. While we agree that the objection was not as specific as it might have been, we find that it was nonetheless sufficient to preserve the Karchesky issue for our review. Our finding is based on the following excerpt from the sentencing hearing transcript.... We find that the above colloquy was sufficient to put the trial judge on notice that the defendant objected to the imposition of victim-injury points for penetration; accordingly, we find that the Karchesky issue has been preserved for this Court's review.

654 So.2d at 910 (emphasis added). Implicit in the above passage is that some objection is required to preserve a Karchesky issue. Montague contends that the opposite is true; however, if he is correct, we never would have addressed the sufficiency of defense counsel's objection in Pinacle in the first place. ⁴

We have repeatedly held that absent an illegal sentence or an unauthorized departure from the sentencing guidelines, ⁵ only sentencing errors "apparent on the face of the record do not require a contemporaneous objection in order to be preserved for review." Taylor v. State, 601 So.2d 540, 541 (Fla.1992) (emphasis added); see also Merchant v. State, 509 So.2d 1101 (Fla.1987) (holding that trial court's erroneous classification of defendant's prior conviction for second-degree murder as a life felony, which was apparent from four corners of record, and resulted in sentencing departure, could be raised for first time on appeal); Forehand v. State, 537 So.2d 103, 104 (Fla.1989) ("absent a contemporaneous objection ... sentencing errors must be apparent on the face of the record to be cognizable on appeal") (emphasis added); Dailey v. State, 488 So.2d 532, 534 (Fla.1986) (alleged sentencing errors requiring an evidentiary determination may not be initially raised on appeal). This follows the general rule that "objections which are not timely made are waived." Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 104.1 at 10 (1995 ed.) (footnote omitted).

We have addressed the contemporaneous objection issue in its varying forms for well over a decade. The enduring policy rationale in our decisions is that there is an appropriate time and forum for making objections to alleged sentencing errors. E.g., State v. Rhoden, 448 So.2d 1013, 1016 (Fla.1984) ("The primary purpose of the contemporaneous objection rule is to ensure that objections are made when the recollections of witnesses are freshest and not years later in a subsequent trial or a postconviction relief proceeding."). Thus, as we stated in Dailey v. State, "[i]t is incumbent upon defense counsel to raise, at the trial level, any objections to underlying factual matters supporting the factors in the scoresheet." 488 So.2d at 533 (quoting with approval from Dailey v. State, 471 So.2d 1349, 1351 (Fla. 1st DCA 1985)). As the Second District noted, "Had such an objection been raised, it would have alerted the trial court to the necessity of receiving additional evidence at the sentencing hearing regarding the extent of victim injury...." Montague, 656 So.2d at 509 (emphasis added). Therefore, the resulting evidentiary determination would have "facilitate[d] an intelligent appellate review," Rhoden, 448 So.2d at 1016, of any alleged sentencing errors. As further noted by the district court, defense counsel's lack of objection leaves us with a barren record on the issue of whether the victim actually suffered physical injury. Montag...