State v. Najar

• Decision Date: 19 February 1980
• Docket Number: No. 4107,4107
• Citation: 1980 NMCA 33,94 N.M. 193,608 P.2d 169
• Parties: STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lorenzo NAJAR, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeals of New Mexico

Page 169

608 P.2d 169

94 N.M. 193

STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lorenzo NAJAR, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 4107.

Court of Appeals of New Mexico.

Feb. 19, 1980.

William H. Lazar, Espanola, for defendant-appellant.

Jeff Bingaman, Atty. Gen., Frank A. Murray, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee.

OPINION

WOOD, Chief Judge.

Defendant appeals his conviction of second degree murder. Issues listed in the docketing statement, but not briefed, were abandoned. State v. Gallegos, 92 N.M. 336, 587 P.2d 1347 (Ct.App.1978). We discuss: (1) issues not included in the docketing statement; (2) requested defense instructions; and (3) the trial court's duty to instruct in a criminal case, absent a request to instruct.

The party began at the residence of Victor Baca. During that party, Michael Fuentes and Vincent Baca had a fight. Michael left.

The party moved to defendant's house. Michael returned to the party with his brother Jerry and his father, Domingo Fuentes. An altercation occurred between these three and Victor and Vincent Baca. During this altercation some shooting occurred. There is testimony that Victor shot Domingo in the leg and that Domingo shot Victor in the leg. This altercation occurred outside defendant's house. Defendant was not present during the Baca-Fuentes altercation; he was inside the house.

After the initial shootings, defendant came out of his house with a gun. The evidence as to his activities will be referred to subsequently. However, it is undisputed that defendant fired his gun. A permissible inference from the evidence is that a bullet from defendant's gun struck, and killed, Jerry Fuentes.

Issues Not Included in the Docketing Statement

Defendant requested instructions concerning defense of habitation, self-defense, defense of another and the right to stand one's ground. See U.J.I. Crim. 41.40, 41.41, 41.42 and 41.60. Defendant's brief argues that the trial court erred in refusing each of these requested instructions.

Defendant's docketing statement, prepared by the trial attorney, asserts the trial court erred in refusing two of the requested instructions on self-defense and defense of habitation. The docketing statement does not complain of the refusal to instruct on defense of another and the right to stand one's ground. The appellate attorney thus asserts error in the refusal of two instructions about which the trial attorney had no complaint.

N.M.Crim.App. 501(a)(2) provides that the brief shall contain a statement of the issues "which shall be limited to the issues designated in the docketing statement(.)" N.M.Crim.App. 501(a)(4) provides that argument in the brief shall be "with respect to each issue presented * * *." The brief-in-chief, filed by defendant's appellate attorney, violated these rules.

Supreme Court decisions interpreting the criminal appellate rules have not condoned rule violations. N.M.Crim.App. 102 authorizes, for rule violations, a refusal to consider the offending party's contentions. Olguin v. State, 90 N.M. 303, 563 P.2d 97 (1977). State v. Vogenthaler, 89 N.M. 150, 548 P.2d 112 (Ct.App.1976) held that issues not included in the docketing statement will not be considered. Compare Melon v. State, 90 N.M. 787, 568 P.2d 1233 (1977); State v. Jacobs, 91 N.M. 445, 575 P.2d 954 (Ct.App.1978).

The trial court's refusal of requested instructions on defense of another and the right to stand one's ground will not be considered.

Requested Defense Instructions

The requested instruction on defense of habitation was properly refused because there is no evidence that defendant shot in defense of his habitation.

There is some evidence concerning self-defense but it was insufficient for submission of self-defense to the jury.

The evidence most favorable to a self-defense instruction was in the statement of defendant introduced by the State. Defendant heard the shots from the Baca-Fuentes altercation. He went outside and saw what was happening, fetched his gun from the house and fired two shots. He shot in the direction of Domingo Fuentes. He did not know whether he hit Domingo "because everybody was shooting like that and, you know, in all different ways * * *." He did not know if he was aware of what was happening during the shooting "I was kind of drunk." Domingo shot first and barely missed the defendant, but "I don't know if I was shooting at him (Domingo) or not * * *." Asked if he was trying to shoot Domingo, defendant replied: "No, I wasn't trying to. I don't know how to shoot."

In defining a killing in self-defense, U.J.I. Crim. 41.41 requires that there be an appearance of immediate danger to the defendant; that the defendant, in fact, be put in fear by the apparent danger and that defendant killed because of that fear. See State v. Parks, 25 N.M. 395, 183 P. 433 (1919); State v. Chesher, 22 N.M. 319, 161 P. 1108 (1916); State v. Vansickel, 20 N.M. 190, 147 P. 457 (1915).

Defendant's statement is evidence of apparent danger; Domingo fired first. However, there is neither evidence nor inference that defendant was put in fear by the apparent danger or that defendant shot because of fear. The self-defense instruction was properly refused.

Trial Court's Duty to Instruct

Neither the prosecution nor the defense requested an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. Defense counsel informed the trial court that the defense did not desire an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. The trial court then questioned both defendant and his counsel concerning such an instruction, explaining there was sufficient evidence for a voluntary manslaughter instruction. Both defendant and counsel stated they did not desire such an instruction.

No voluntary manslaughter instruction was given. Defendant's appellate lawyer contends that the failure to instruct on voluntary manslaughter was jurisdictional error which may be raised for the first time on appeal. This contention disregards the meaning of "jurisdictional" error. Defendant was before the trial court which had authority over the offense charged and authority to proceed in the matter. Thus, there was no absence of "jurisdiction" in the traditional sense. See State v. Urban, 86 N.M. 351, 524 P.2d 523 (Ct.App.1974).

The "jurisdictional" claim involves the sufficiency of the instructions as to the crime charged. "(F)ailure to properly instruct on all of the essential elements of the crime charged is jurisdictional and may be raised for the first time on appeal." State v. Gunzelman, 85 N.M. 295, 512 P.2d 55 (1973). The crime charged, in the jury instructions, was murder in the second degree, something different from voluntary manslaughter. Compare §§ 30-2-1 and 30-2-3, N.M.S.A.1978; Smith v. State, 89 N.M. 770, 558 P.2d 39 (1976).

This issue does not involve "jurisdictional" error; it does however raise an issue as to the trial court's duty to instruct in a criminal case when not requested to do so. There are two answers to the claim that the trial court erred in failing to instruct on voluntary manslaughter. The first answer is that, assuming a duty to instruct, defendant waived any error. The second answer is that under current requirements, the trial court had no duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter unless requested to do so.

1) Waiver

State v. Smith, 26 N.M. 482, 194 P. 869 (1921) states "that the court must instruct in every degree of the crime charged when there is evidence in the case tending to sustain such degree." See State v. King, 90 N.M. 377, 563 P.2d 1170 (Ct.App.1977). In the subsequent discussion on duty to instruct, we point out that this requirement depends on rules applicable to the particular case. At this point we assume a duty to instruct.

State v. Trujillo, 27 N.M. 594, 203 P. 846 (1921) states:

There should be no practical difficulty in the administration of the rule that instructions should be limited to the degree of the crime shown by the evidence. It is within the province of the court to submit to the counsel for the state and for the defendant in every case the question as to what degree should be submitted to the jury. When thus called upon by the court it is their duty to speak, and a refusal by counsel for defendant to take a position upon the matter will amount to a waiver of the error of the court in that regard, if error shall occur. It will be available error only in case the court fails to agree with counsel as to the proper scope of the instructions.

Here, defendant did not refuse to take a position, which would have been a waiver. Defendant took the position that no voluntary manslaughter instruction should be given, which was a waiver. State v. Diaz, 36 N.M. 284, 13 P.2d 883 (1932) indicates that waiver could not exist when there was a duty to instruct on certain degrees of homicide. This holding was repudiated in State v. Garcia, 46 N.M. 302, 128 P.2d 459 (1942). Assuming the trial court had a duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter, defendant waived any error based on the failure to instruct by taking the position that no such instruction should be given. This holding, of waiver, is independent of the requirements of Rule of Crim.Proc. 41.

2. Duty to Instruct

The duty to instruct rule, on which defendant relies, is stated in State v. Diaz, supra:

Ordinarily, instructions given are the law of the case, and cannot be complained of unless the accused objected to those given, or requested others. This applies to a failure to submit involuntary manslaughter. But, the erroneous failure to submit second degree murder or voluntary manslaughter will require a new trial, even though the accused has not objected in any way to the omission. While this result may not be entirely logical, it is not entirely without reasonable support * * *.

The holding in State v. Diaz, supra, was reached after considering the relationship of two items: (1) a "statute" which made it the duty of the trial court, in all cases, to instruct the jury as to the law of ...